A man buried in Russia in the Early Bronze Age era

I0438
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0438
Date:
3020 BCE - 2631 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
U5a1a1
Y-DNA:
R-KMS67
Cultural Period:
Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Luzkhi I
Coordinates:
53.3800, 50.3800
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Yamnaya culture, which flourished during the Early Bronze Age (approximately 3300–2600 BCE), is a significant archaeological culture often associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical ancestral speakers of the Indo-European languages. The Yamnaya culture was centered in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, encompassing regions such as modern-day Russia and Ukraine.

Geographical Context: The Samara region, located in the southwestern part of modern Russia, is part of this larger expanse of the Yamnaya culture. This area is characterized by its rolling steppe landscapes, which were ideal for the pastoral lifestyle practiced by the Yamnaya people. The abundant natural pastures supported herds of cattle, sheep, and goats, which formed the backbone of the Yamnaya economy.

Cultural Characteristics:

  1. Burial Practices:

    • The Yamnaya culture is renowned for its burial mounds, known as kurgans. These mounds were constructed over grave pits in which the deceased were typically buried in a supine position, often with their knees bent.
    • Burials were often individual, though sometimes family or small community groupings were included. Rich grave goods, including pottery, weapons, and ornaments, often accompany these burials, indicating social stratification.

  2. Lifestyle and Economy:

    • The Yamnaya were primarily pastoralists, heavily reliant on cattle herding, but they also practiced limited agriculture. The domestication of horses was a crucial aspect of their culture, facilitating mobility across the vast steppe regions.
    • Their economic system is believed to have been organized around kinship and clan relations, which also structured their social hierarchy.

  3. Material Culture:

    • The Yamnaya people are known for their distinctive pottery, which often includes simple, geometric designs. Pottery served both domestic and ritual purposes.
    • Their tool kit consisted largely of stone and copper implements. The use of metals like copper marks a significant technological advancement for the time.

  4. Social Structure:

    • Hierarchical in nature, Yamnaya society likely had a leader or chieftain structure. The presence of rich and elaborate graves suggests significant social differentiation.
    • Social organization possibly involved tribal units based on extended family networks, which may have played a role in both economic and social interactions.

Genetic and Linguistic Impact: Modern genetic studies have shown that the Yamnaya people contributed significantly to the genetic makeup of modern Europeans and South Asians. The Yamnaya's spread into Europe is evidenced by a genetic bottleneck around the early Bronze Age, where many western Eurasian populations show significant genetic markers indicative of Yamnaya ancestry.

Linguistically, many scholars propose that the Yamnaya were instrumental in the dissemination of Indo-European languages across Europe and parts of Asia. This hypothesis is supported by the correlation between Yamnaya migratory patterns and the spread of early Indo-European dialects.

Legacy: The legacy of the Yamnaya culture is profound, influencing the cultural and genetic landscape of Eurasia. Their extensive migratory patterns helped shape the demographic structure of the continent, laying the foundation for many subsequent cultures and civilizations. The linguistic ties potentially established by their movements form a crucial part of the story of the Indo-European languages, which today includes many of the world's most spoken tongues.

In summary, the Early Bronze Age Samara Yamnaya culture represents a pivotal chapter in prehistoric Europe, marked by significant developments in social organization, technological innovation, and cultural diffusion. This culture's lasting impact on genetics and linguistics continues to be a rich field of study for archaeologists and historians alike.

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I1585 6217 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
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I0724 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0854 6228 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0723 6008 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0371 2871 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka, Russia View
I0060 2404 BCE Rothenschirmbach, Germany View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0370 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3300 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Eastern Orenburg. Pre-Ural steppe. Ishkinovka I, Russia View
I0441 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3010 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Buzuluk. Kurmanaevka III, Russia View
I0444 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3335 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Kutuluk River. Kutuluk, Russia View
I0439 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3322 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino I, Russia View
I0357 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3093 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino I, Russia View
I0429 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3339 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino I, Russia View
I0443 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3300 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Lopatino II, Russia View
I7489 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3326 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Utyevka V, Russia View
I0231 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 2911 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Southern Steppe. Ekaterinovka, Russia View
I0438 Early Bronze Samara Yamnaya 3020 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Luzkhi I, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0438) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 69%
European Hunter-Gatherers 17%
Neolithic Farmers 11%
Ancient Asians 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0438) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 63%
Eastern European 39%
Eastern European 38.6%
Northwestern European 25%
Finnish 23.8%
English 1.1%
Asia 35%
Northern West Asian 34%
Caucasian 33.8%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 1%
Pakistan 1.3%
America 1%
America 1%
Native American 1.4%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0438 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0438,0.11685046,0.09838754,0.0338441,0.04813328,0.00184198,0.0243321,0.00719028,0.00539474,-0.0221957,-0.03227692,-0.00032152,-0.0019646,0.00388788,0.00597528,0.0053166,0.00268616,1.704E-05,-0.00079852,0.00319096,-0.00160594,0.00113988,-0.00268276,0.00037594,0.00958972,0.00107298
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
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