A woman buried in Turkey in the Neolithic era

I0736
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0736
Date:
6500 BCE - 6200 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
N1a1a1a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Neolithic Turkey
Location
Country:
Turkey
Locality:
Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın
Coordinates:
40.3037, 29.5700
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Neolithic period in Anatolia, present-day Turkey, represents a transformative era in human history, marked by the shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities. This period, spanning from approximately 10,000 to 3,200 BCE, laid the foundations for the rise of civilizations by introducing significant cultural, technological, and social advancements.

Geographic Context

Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, is a region that presents a diverse range of environments, from fertile plains and river valleys to mountainous regions. This geographic diversity provided a rich array of resources and habitats that facilitated the emergence of early agricultural societies. The climate during the Neolithic was conducive to the domestication of plants and animals, with conditions favorable for mass cultivation.

Cultural and Socio-Economic Developments

  1. Settlement Patterns: Neolithic Anatolia witnessed the birth of permanent settlements, a shift that marked a profound change in human lifestyles. The establishment of villages and proto-cities such as Çatalhöyük and Göbekli Tepe exemplifies this transition. Çatalhöyük, in particular, is one of the largest and best-preserved Neolithic sites, showcasing a densely packed settlement with complex social structures.

  2. Agriculture and Animal Domestication: The era was characterized by the domestication of wheat, barley, and legumes, alongside the herding of animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs. This agricultural revolution allowed for surplus production, which in turn supported larger populations and the development of complex societies.

  3. Technology and Craftsmanship: Neolithic Anatolian communities developed advanced tool-making techniques, producing polished stone tools and pottery. The introduction of pottery was a significant technological advancement, providing efficient storage solutions for surplus food. Additionally, weaving and textile production began during this period, as evidenced by loom weights and spindle whorls found at archaeological sites.

  4. Religious and Ritualistic Practices: Spiritual and religious practices were central to Neolithic life. Göbekli Tepe, for example, is considered one of the oldest known ceremonial sites in the world, with circular stone structures adorned with intricate carvings of animals and abstract symbols. These sites suggest complex religious beliefs and social practices centered around communal gatherings and rituals.

  5. Social Organization: Neolithic societies in Anatolia were likely organized along lines of kinship and clan affiliation, with evidence of some degree of social stratification emerging. Artifacts such as figurines and burial goods indicate the presence of ritual leaders or revered individuals within these communities.

Art and Symbolism

The Neolithic period in Anatolia saw the flourishing of symbolic expressions and art, including pottery with geometric patterns, wall paintings, and figurines. These artworks often carried spiritual or cultural significance, portraying deities, fertility symbols, and scenes of daily life. The rich iconography discovered at sites such as Çatalhöyük reflects a sophisticated symbolic world that played a key role in community identity and cohesion.

Interactions and Exchanges

Anatolia's position as a crossroads between Asia and Europe facilitated interactions and cultural exchanges with neighboring regions. Such interactions possibly influenced the technological and cultural developments seen within Anatolia, including the dissemination of agricultural practices and technological innovations.

Conclusion

The Neolithic era in Anatolia was a pivotal period that witnessed the transformation of human societies through agricultural innovation, technological advances, and complex social structures. The cultural heritage of Neolithic Turkey is not only significant in understanding the history of the region but also in tracing the broader patterns of human civilization's emergence and development. This era laid the groundwork for the Bronze Age cultures and ultimately the ancient civilizations that would arise in this strategically important region.

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I1580 6381 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1585 6217 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
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I0724 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1100 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1102 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1099 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1103 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1101 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1097 Neolithic Turkey 6420 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0744 Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1096 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1098 Neolithic Turkey 6419 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0708 Neolithic Turkey 6224 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0745 Neolithic Turkey 6387 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0746 Neolithic Turkey 6070 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0707 Neolithic Turkey 6225 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0709 Neolithic Turkey 6223 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0725 Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0736 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0726 Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I11949 Neolithic Turkey 6500 BCE Barcın (Northwest Anatolia. Marmara), Turkey View
I1510 Neolithic Turkey 6150 BCE Ilıpınar (Marmara. Bursa. Orhangazi), Turkey View
I3121 Neolithic Turkey 6150 BCE Ilıpınar (Marmara. Bursa. Orhangazi), Turkey View
I1583 Neolithic Turkey 6424 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0723 Neolithic Turkey 6008 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0724 Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0727 Neolithic Turkey 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I1580 Neolithic Turkey 6381 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1581 Neolithic Turkey 6386 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1585 Neolithic Turkey 6217 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1579 Neolithic Turkey 6221 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0854 Neolithic Turkey 6228 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Bar8 Neolithic Turkey 6221 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Bar31 Neolithic Turkey 6417 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0736) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 89%
European Hunter-Gatherers 8%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0736) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 77%
Southern European 77%
Italian 33.6%
Sardinian 29.9%
Iberian 7.7%
Balkan 5.9%
Asia 17%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 15%
Levantine 14.6%
Northern West Asian 3%
Cypriot 2.6%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 0%
Africa 6%
North African 6%
North African 4.0%
Egyptian 1.6%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0736 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0736,0.09756264,0.15652628,-0.00370508,-0.07109308,0.0378941,-0.03420818,-0.00417096,0.00192894,0.0452959,0.05168566,0.0018802,0.00362984,-0.00369036,-0.00952946,-0.01094926,0.0093987,0.00317466,0.0016909,0.00320896,0.00195608,0.00563822,0.00921298,-0.01253976,-0.01537424,0.00138144
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
View Publication
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