A man buried in Germany in the Bronze Age era

I0104
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0104
Date:
2563 BCE - 2295 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
U4b1a1a1
Y-DNA:
R-M417
Cultural Period:
Corded Ware Culture, Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Esperstedt
Coordinates:
51.4200, 11.6800
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Corded Ware Culture, prevalent in Central Europe during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age (approximately 2900–2350 BCE), represents a significant period of cultural transformation, marked by the spread of Indo-European languages and societal shifts. The culture is named after the characteristic cord-like impressions found on its pottery. In Germany, as in other regions, the Corded Ware Culture is considered essential for understanding the prehistoric developments that shaped subsequent European civilizations.

Geographical and Temporal Context

The Corded Ware Culture across Germany was part of a wider distribution that included vast areas of Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe. Its presence in Germany indicates a pivotal region for the migration and exchange of ideas and practices across these territories. The culture emerged after the decline of the Funnelbeaker Culture, and it laid foundations that led into the Bronze Age.

Archaeological Significance

Burial Practices: One of the defining features of the Corded Ware Culture is its burial practices, typically characterized by single inhumations under mounds or flat graves. Bodies were usually positioned in a crouched posture, often on their sides, and oriented in specific directions, usually accompanied by a single pot, stone tools, or a battle axe, symbolizing their societal status.

Pottery and Artifacts: Pottery under the Corded Ware Culture was distinct, with decorated vessels bearing impressions made by twisted cords or strings, from which the culture derives its name. Other notable artifacts include polished stone axes, hammer tools, and flint blades, reflecting technological developments of the period.

Craftsmanship: Corded Ware communities exhibited advanced skills in metallurgy, demonstrated by the manufacture of copper tools and ornaments. The gradual transition from stone to metal artifacts marks a technological evolution, suggesting both local innovations and the influence of neighboring cultures.

Societal Structure

The Corded Ware people are often associated with pastoralism and early forms of agriculture. Evidence suggests that they lived in small communities, which might have been organized into kinship-based groups. Their society might have experienced a degree of social stratification, inferred from the wealth of grave goods found in elite burials compared to others.

Linguistic and Genetic Impact

The Corded Ware Culture is crucial to Indo-European studies due to its hypothesized role in the spread of Indo-European languages. Genetic studies have revealed a significant influx of steppe ancestry into Central Europe during this time, likely correlating with migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, considered a possible homeland for Proto-Indo-European speakers.

Cultural Interactions and Influence

The Corded Ware Culture interacted with and influenced various surrounding cultures, such as the Bell Beaker Culture to the west and the Tripolye Culture to the east. These interactions promoted exchanges in technological innovations, trade, and possibly intermarriage, facilitating genetic and cultural diversification.

Environmental Adaptations

Situated within the diverse landscapes of what is now Germany, Corded Ware communities adapted to various environments, from river valleys to upland terrains. This adaptability is reflected in their settlement patterns and economic strategies, which included livestock management and the cultivation of barley and wheat, though they likely relied heavily on pastoral activities.

Conclusion

The Corded Ware Culture in Germany provides essential insights into the prehistoric dynamics that shaped early European societies. Its archaeological legacy offers a window into a transformative period marked by cultural confluence, technological advancement, and linguistic evolution. Understanding this culture provides critical context for the subsequent historical developments in the region, laying the groundwork for the emergence of complex societies in Central Europe.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1542 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1536 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1544 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1538 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1539 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2630 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0106 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2461 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1540 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1541 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1532 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0049 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2463 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0103 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2617 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0104 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2563 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
RISE446 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
I1534 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
RISE434 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0104) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 51%
European Hunter-Gatherers 39%
Neolithic Farmers 10%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0104) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 88%
Northwestern European 63%
English 40.5%
Scandinavian 11.6%
Finnish 6.1%
Northwestern European 4.5%
Eastern European 25%
Eastern European 25.3%
Asia 12%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 6%
Pakistan 6.1%
Northern West Asian 6%
Caucasian 5.9%
Africa 0%
West African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0104 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0104,0.12471762,0.10532434,0.0462025,0.04939232,0.01703246,0.01629038,0.00987494,0.00656668,-0.01132882,-0.01712608,-0.0010345,0.00177186,-0.0007942,-0.00114958,0.01442788,-0.00749322,-0.0148271,0.00061696,-0.00080844,-0.00309836,-0.00025258,0.00136218,-0.00058168,0.00610978,-0.00347081
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
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