A woman buried in Russia in the Bronze Age era

I0234
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I0234
Date:
1850 BCE - 1600 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
I1a1
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Srubnaya Culture
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara Steppes. Rozhdestveno I
Coordinates:
53.1400, 50.0100
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Srubnaya culture, also known as the Timber Grave culture, flourished during the Late Bronze Age roughly between 1900 BCE and 1200 BCE. It was primarily situated in the steppes of Eastern Europe, spanning the region from the Ural Mountains to the Dnieper River, covering vast areas of what are now parts of Russia and Ukraine. The Srubnaya culture is considered part of the broad Indo-European cultural horizon, often linked to the spread of Indo-Iranian tribes.

Geography and Environment

The Srubnaya culture thrived in the expansive Eurasian steppe, characterized by its flat, grassy plains. This environment supported a predominantly pastoral lifestyle, fostering the development of nomadic and semi-nomadic societies. The availability of rich pastures for grazing made animal husbandry a staple of the Srubnaya economy.

Burial Practices

The name \Srubnaya," meaning "timber grave," is derived from their distinctive burial practices. The dead were buried in large rectangular pits lined with wooden planks or beams, creating a timber structure that encased the body. Grave goods, including pottery, metal tools, and personal ornaments, were often placed with the deceased, suggesting a belief in an afterlife where these items would be of use.

Housing and Settlements

Settlements of the Srubnaya culture were typically comprised of temporary structures that reflected their semi-nomadic lifestyle. Evidence of permanent housing is sparse, though remnants suggest simple constructions made from wood and clay. These settlements were often situated near water sources, which were vital for both human consumption and livestock.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of the Srubnaya culture was predominantly pastoral, focusing on cattle, sheep, and horses, which played a critical role in transportation and mobility. Additionally, there was some degree of agriculture, with evidence of wheat and barley cultivation. This combination of pastoralism and agriculture suggests a flexible economic structure that could adapt to the challenging environments of the steppe.

Tools and Technology

Srubnaya people were proficient metalworkers, as evidenced by numerous bronze artifacts such as weapons (daggers, spearheads) and tools (sickles, knives). Pottery was another significant aspect of their material culture, characterized by simple, often geometric designs. The production of textiles, especially woolen garments, was likely an important domestic activity, although direct evidence is limited.

Social Structure and Lifestyle

The Srubnaya culture likely had a hierarchical social structure dominated by warrior elites, as suggested by the richly furnished graves of certain individuals. The presence of weapons and horse-related artifacts indicates that the status and power might have been closely linked with martial prowess and horsemanship.

Linguistic and Cultural Significance

Linguistically, the Srubnaya culture is considered part of the larger Indo-European family, potentially associated with the Indo-Iranian branch. They played a crucial role in the dissemination of Indo-European languages and cultural practices across the Eurasian steppe.

Cultural Interactions

The Srubnaya culture interacted with neighboring cultures and was part of the larger network of steppe societies. They possibly traded livestock, metalwork, and other goods with cultures in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe, contributing to the cultural exchange that characterized the Bronze Age.

Decline and Legacy

The decline of the Srubnaya culture around 1200 BCE was likely due to a combination of environmental changes, such as climate fluctuations, and socio-political factors, including shifts in trade networks and pressure from emerging cultures such as the Scythians. However, the cultural and technological contributions of the Srubnaya people continued to influence subsequent cultures in the region.

In summary, the Srubnaya culture represents a significant phase in the cultural and historical development of the Eurasian steppes. Their adaptability to the harsh steppe environment, along with their advancements in metalwork and burial practices, mark them as a pivotal Indo-European society within the Late Bronze Age."

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I0418 2131 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Utyevka VI, Russia View
I0438 3020 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Luzkhi I, Russia View
I0585 5982 BCE Leon. La Brana-Arintero, Spain View
I1534 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1504 987 BCE Ludas-Varjú dűlő, Hungary View
I0099 1202 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I0047 2116 BCE Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, Germany View
I1579 6221 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1581 6386 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1580 6381 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1585 6217 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I1583 6424 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0727 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0724 6400 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0854 6228 BCE Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey View
I0723 6008 BCE Menteşe, Turkey View
I0371 2871 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Sok River. Grachevka, Russia View
I0060 2404 BCE Rothenschirmbach, Germany View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I0234 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara Steppes. Rozhdestveno I, Russia View
I0233 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Tatarstan oblast. forest-steppe zone. Novosel'ki, Russia View
I0423 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Barinovka I, Russia View
I0232 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Tatarstan oblast. forest-steppe zone. Novosel'ki, Russia View
I0354 Srubnaya Culture 2021 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka IV, Russia View
I0358 Srubnaya Culture 1921 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka IV, Russia View
I0359 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka IV, Russia View
I0360 Srubnaya Culture 2050 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka IV, Russia View
I0361 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka IV, Russia View
I0421 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka II, Russia View
I0422 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Barinovka I, Russia View
I0424 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Uvarovka I, Russia View
I0430 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka II, Russia View
I0431 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara River. Spiridonovka II, Russia View
I0235 Srubnaya Culture 1850 BCE Samara Oblast. Volga River Valley. Samara Steppes. Rozhdestveno I, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0234) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 52%
European Hunter-Gatherers 41%
Neolithic Farmers 7%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I0234) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 86%
Northwestern European 53%
English 20.7%
Scandinavian 14.9%
Northwestern European 14.5%
Finnish 2.6%
Eastern European 34%
Eastern European 33.7%
Asia 14%
Northern West Asian 13%
Caucasian 13.4%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 0%
Africa 0%
African Hunter-Gatherer 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I0234 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I0234,0.12499594,0.08912232,0.0590421,0.0551301,0.01338908,0.01790546,0.00691768,0.00795778,-0.00958172,-0.02438616,-0.00032386,-0.00283318,0.00354542,-0.0027339,0.00285812,-0.00519382,-0.01266224,0.00246592,-0.00154528,0.00028504,0.00309984,0.00132382,0.00090904,0.00924312,0.00430455
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
View Publication
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