A woman buried in Hungary in the Early Bronze Age era

I1502
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I1502
Date:
2195 BCE - 1973 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
K1c1*
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Bronze Age Makó Culture, Hungary
Location
Country:
Hungary
Locality:
Kompolt-Kigyoser
Coordinates:
47.1670, 20.8330
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Bronze Age Makó culture, which thrived approximately between 2500 and 2000 BCE in present-day Hungary, is a fascinating archaeological culture distinguished by its European and Indo-European connections. This era marks a period of significant cultural transformations and interactions as local communities engaged in more complex social, economic, and technological exchanges.

Geographical Context

The Makó culture was situated in the Carpathian Basin, a geographically advantageous location that facilitated trade and cultural interactions between various European regions. The basin's rich soil and favorable climate provided ideal conditions for agricultural development, supporting the sustenance and growth of early communities.

Origins and Influences

The Makó culture exhibits influences from both indigenous European populations and Indo-European migrations. This period is characterized by the amalgamation of local Neolithic traditions with new cultural elements introduced by Indo-European groups, leading to the development of distinct social and cultural traits.

Material Culture

Pottery

The pottery from the Makó culture is typified by its unique decorative styles and manufacturing techniques. It often features geometric designs, including incised or stamped patterns. These ceramics were both functional and ceremonial, indicating their central role in domestic and ritual life.

Metallurgy

The Makó culture saw the introduction and proliferation of metalworking, especially in copper and bronze. Metallurgical advancements facilitated the creation of tools, weapons, and ornaments that played significant roles in daily life and trade. The presence of metal items, including daggers, axes, and ornaments, indicates a society that was becoming more stratified and complex.

Settlement Patterns

Communities during the Makó era typically inhabited small, dispersed settlements. These were usually located near rivers or fertile plains, which allowed for effective agriculture and trade. Some archaeological evidence also suggests the existence of fortifications, implying a need for defense and organized communal settlements.

Economy

With agriculture as their primary economic activity, people of the Makó culture cultivated cereals and legumes. The fertile lands of the Carpathian Basin supported diverse agriculture, allowing for surplus production which facilitated trade. Herding and pastoralism also played crucial roles, as cattle, sheep, and goats were common livestock.

Social Structure

The advent of metallurgy and surplus agriculture may have led to more pronounced social hierarchies within the Makó culture. The emergence of elite classes is suggested by the distribution of wealth items in burials, which indicates differentiated statuses within the society. Leaders likely controlled trade networks and resource distribution.

Burial Practices

Makó culture burial practices provide significant insight into their belief systems and social organization. Burials often included grave goods such as pottery, tools, and ornaments, indicating beliefs concerning the afterlife and the importance of social status. Variations in grave offerings suggest a stratified society with complex social roles.

Indo-European Connections

The Makó culture is an important component in understanding the spread of Indo-European languages and peoples across Europe. The cultural attributes and artifacts found in Makó sites reflect a synthesis of local and wider influences, highlighting the mobility and connectivity of early Bronze Age populations. Linguistic studies suggest that the movements during this period contributed to the dispersal and establishment of Indo-European languages in the region.

Legacy and Impact

The Makó culture played a crucial role in the larger context of the Early Bronze Age in Europe. It acted as a cultural bridge, facilitating exchanges between the Balkans, the Central European plains, and the steppes. Its advancements in metallurgy, trade, and social organization paved the way for subsequent cultures, setting the stage for continued cultural evolution and technological innovations.

In sum, the Early Bronze Age Makó culture of Hungary represents a pivotal period of cultural synthesis and transformation. Through its material culture, settlement patterns, and socio-economic structures, the Makó culture provides invaluable insights into the early Indo-European populations in Central Europe and their interactions with indigenous communities.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1502 Early Bronze Age Makó Culture, Hungary 2195 BCE Kompolt-Kigyoser, Hungary View
BR1 Early Bronze Age Makó Culture, Hungary 2195 BCE Kompolt-Kigyoser (Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County, Karcag), Hungary View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1502) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 39%
Neolithic Farmers 32%
European Hunter-Gatherers 29%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I1502) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 100%
Northwestern European 45%
English 20.9%
Northwestern European 12.6%
Scandinavian 6.6%
Finnish 5.4%
Southern European 36%
Balkan 20.2%
Sardinian 8.0%
Iberian 7.1%
Italian 1.1%
Eastern European 18%
Eastern European 18.3%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I1502 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I1502,0.13205488,0.13732006,0.06346524,0.04108146,0.0468778,0.01692386,0.00622944,0.01129386,0.01225762,0.00351114,-0.00836116,0.00066342,0.00414084,0.01323028,-0.00537192,0.0056095,-0.00011932,-0.00067108,0.0030096,0.00062862,0.00165574,0.00010352,0.00273926,-0.00652514,-0.0002611
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Authors:
Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N
Abstract:

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Link:
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