A man buried in Germany in the Bronze Age era

RISE446
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE446
Date:
2662 BCE - 2460 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
U5b1c2
Y-DNA:
R-M417
Cultural Period:
Corded Ware Culture, Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Bergrheinfeld
Coordinates:
50.0090, 10.1800
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Corded Ware Culture, prevalent in Central Europe during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age (approximately 2900–2350 BCE), represents a significant period of cultural transformation, marked by the spread of Indo-European languages and societal shifts. The culture is named after the characteristic cord-like impressions found on its pottery. In Germany, as in other regions, the Corded Ware Culture is considered essential for understanding the prehistoric developments that shaped subsequent European civilizations.

Geographical and Temporal Context

The Corded Ware Culture across Germany was part of a wider distribution that included vast areas of Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe. Its presence in Germany indicates a pivotal region for the migration and exchange of ideas and practices across these territories. The culture emerged after the decline of the Funnelbeaker Culture, and it laid foundations that led into the Bronze Age.

Archaeological Significance

Burial Practices: One of the defining features of the Corded Ware Culture is its burial practices, typically characterized by single inhumations under mounds or flat graves. Bodies were usually positioned in a crouched posture, often on their sides, and oriented in specific directions, usually accompanied by a single pot, stone tools, or a battle axe, symbolizing their societal status.

Pottery and Artifacts: Pottery under the Corded Ware Culture was distinct, with decorated vessels bearing impressions made by twisted cords or strings, from which the culture derives its name. Other notable artifacts include polished stone axes, hammer tools, and flint blades, reflecting technological developments of the period.

Craftsmanship: Corded Ware communities exhibited advanced skills in metallurgy, demonstrated by the manufacture of copper tools and ornaments. The gradual transition from stone to metal artifacts marks a technological evolution, suggesting both local innovations and the influence of neighboring cultures.

Societal Structure

The Corded Ware people are often associated with pastoralism and early forms of agriculture. Evidence suggests that they lived in small communities, which might have been organized into kinship-based groups. Their society might have experienced a degree of social stratification, inferred from the wealth of grave goods found in elite burials compared to others.

Linguistic and Genetic Impact

The Corded Ware Culture is crucial to Indo-European studies due to its hypothesized role in the spread of Indo-European languages. Genetic studies have revealed a significant influx of steppe ancestry into Central Europe during this time, likely correlating with migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, considered a possible homeland for Proto-Indo-European speakers.

Cultural Interactions and Influence

The Corded Ware Culture interacted with and influenced various surrounding cultures, such as the Bell Beaker Culture to the west and the Tripolye Culture to the east. These interactions promoted exchanges in technological innovations, trade, and possibly intermarriage, facilitating genetic and cultural diversification.

Environmental Adaptations

Situated within the diverse landscapes of what is now Germany, Corded Ware communities adapted to various environments, from river valleys to upland terrains. This adaptability is reflected in their settlement patterns and economic strategies, which included livestock management and the cultivation of barley and wheat, though they likely relied heavily on pastoral activities.

Conclusion

The Corded Ware Culture in Germany provides essential insights into the prehistoric dynamics that shaped early European societies. Its archaeological legacy offers a window into a transformative period marked by cultural confluence, technological advancement, and linguistic evolution. Understanding this culture provides critical context for the subsequent historical developments in the region, laying the groundwork for the emergence of complex societies in Central Europe.

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I4124 2459 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
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I4143 2456 BCE Landau an der Isar, Germany View
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I4134 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
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I4137 660 CE Brandysek, Czech Republic View
I4139 2500 BCE Velké Přílepy, Czech Republic View
I4130 2800 BCE Moravská Nová Ves, Czech Republic View
I13170 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
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I4130 2800 BCE Moravská Nová Ves, Czech Republic View
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RISE61 2848 BCE Kyndelöse, Denmark View
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RISE94 2623 BCE Viby, Sweden View
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RISE154 1930 BCE Szczepankowice, Poland View
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RISE374 1872 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE386 2335 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE391 2126 BCE Tanabergen II, Kazakhstan View
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RISE394 1953 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE395 2008 BCE Bol'shekaraganskii, Russia View
RISE396 1196 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE397 1049 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE407 1118 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE408 1212 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE412 1201 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
RISE413 1919 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE416 1616 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE423 1407 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE431 2286 BCE Leki Male, Poland View
RISE434 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE446 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
RISE471 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE479 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE484 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE486 2136 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE487 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE489 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE493 1518 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
RISE495 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE496 1416 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE497 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE499 1400 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE500 1700 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE502 1497 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE503 1731 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE504 709 CE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE505 1862 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE510 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE511 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE512 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE523 1531 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE524 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE525 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE546 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE547 2886 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE548 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE550 3335 BCE Peshany V, Russia View
RISE552 2846 BCE Ulan V, Russia View
RISE553 927 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE554 1009 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE555 2853 BCE Stalingrad Quarry, Russia View
RISE595 1200 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
RISE598 906 BCE Turlojiske, Lithuania View
RISE600 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE601 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE602 1000 BCE Sary-Bel, Russia View
RISE492 Karasuk Culture, Russia 393 BCE Sabinka-2 (Republic of Khakassia, Beysky District), Russia View
RISE559 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2459 BCE Augsburg (Bavaria), Germany View
RISE562 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2456 BCE Dingolfing-Landau (Bavaria, Landau an der Isar), Germany View
RISE563 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2573 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE564 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE566 Bell Beaker culture 2282 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE567 Bell Beaker culture 2800 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE568 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 600 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE569 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 660 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE577 Early Bronze Age Únětice Culture 2500 BCE Velké-Přílepy (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE586 Únětice culture 2800 BCE Moravská-Nová-Ves (South Moravian Region, Břeclav District), Czechia View
RISE596 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I1542 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1536 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1544 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1538 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1539 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2630 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0106 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2461 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1540 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1541 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I1532 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0049 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2463 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0103 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2617 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
I0104 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2563 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
RISE446 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
I1534 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Esperstedt, Germany View
RISE434 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE446) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 49%
European Hunter-Gatherers 37%
Ancient Asians 5%
Neolithic Farmers 3%
Ancient Oceanians 3%
Ancient Native Americans 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE446) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 81%
Northwestern European 67%
English 35.0%
Scandinavian 20.5%
Northwestern European 6.5%
Finnish 5.0%
Eastern European 14%
Eastern European 14.1%
Asia 16%
Northern West Asian 16%
Caucasian 11.6%
Mesopotamian 4.5%
Oceania 2%
Melanesian 2%
Papuan 1.8%
America 1%
America 1%
Native American 0.6%
Africa 0%
West African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE446 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE446,0.12521726,0.10671592,0.05014414,0.05677894,0.02461188,0.02147056,0.00239432,0.0038182,-0.00543374,-0.01699172,-0.00522254,0.00305574,0.0030667,-0.00341972,0.00924186,0.00053566,-0.00727588,0.0006107,-0.00047038,-9.668E-05,0.0046233,0.00174726,0.00107202,0.00879266,5.256E-05
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
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