A woman buried in Germany in the Bronze Age era

RISE559
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE559
Date:
2459 BCE - 2204 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
H46
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Augsburg (Bavaria)
Coordinates:
48.3285, 10.8982
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Bell Beaker Culture, which flourished during the late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age period, approximately 2800-1800 BCE, represents a significant archaeological culture noted for its distinctive pottery and widespread influence across Europe. In the context of the Lech Valley in Germany, the Bell Beaker Culture offers fascinating insights into the sociocultural dynamics of prehistoric Europe, particularly during the transitionary phase from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.

Archaeological Context

Location and Geography: The Lech Valley, situated in the present-day state of Bavaria in southern Germany, provides a rich archaeological setting with its fertile plains and proximity to water resources, making it conducive to both agriculture and trade. This region, part of the upper Danube catchment, was crucial for the movement of people and goods, thus acting as a cultural crossroads where different traditions intersected.

Timeline: The Bell Beaker presence in the Lech Valley is primarily traced back to around 2500-2200 BCE, aligning with the middle to late phases of the broader Bell Beaker phenomenon in Central Europe. This was a time marked by substantial social and economic transformations, as communities navigated shifts from predominantly agrarian lifestyles toward more complex, hierarchical societies.

Cultural Characteristics

Pottery: The Bell Beaker Culture is named after its iconic pottery, characterized by its bell-shaped profile and intricate horizontal decorations, often incised or cord-impressed. These vessels, likely used in both domestic and funerary contexts, underline a shared aesthetic that facilitated a cultural cohesion across long distances.

Metalwork: The introduction and dissemination of metallurgy, particularly copper and bronze, are pivotal aspects of the Bell Beaker period. In the Lech Valley, metal artifacts such as flat axes, daggers, and ornamental items underscore the technological advancements of the era and suggest a burgeoning interest in metallurgy as both a practical skill and a status marker.

Burial Practices: Grave goods and burial customs provide extensive information about Bell Beaker societies in the Lech Valley. Cemeteries often contain rich assemblages, including pottery, metal tools, and personal ornaments. Burials tend to be individual inhumations, with a significant number of male graves emphasizing martial or hunting-related symbolism, reflecting a warrior ethos.

Subsistence and Settlement: Evidence suggests a mixed economy with settlements engaged in both agriculture and pastoralism. The exploitation of fertile lands for crop cultivation, alongside animal husbandry, illustrates a balanced subsistence strategy. Moreover, settlements in this era were typically small, dispersed hamlets or farmsteads, indicating a semi-sedentary lifestyle with potential seasonal mobility.

Societal Structure

Social Organization: The Bell Beaker Culture in the Lech Valley appears to have been organized in complex social structures, likely involving clans or extended family groups. The wealth of grave goods and the variability in burial statuses hint at social stratification, where certain individuals or families occupied more privileged positions.

Trade and Interaction: The Lech Valley's strategic location facilitated extensive trade and communication networks. The presence of exotic materials, such as amber from the Baltic and evidence of long-distance metal trade, demonstrates the region's integration into wider European networks. This connectivity not only influenced material culture but was also crucial in the exchange of ideas and technological innovations.

Legacy and Influence

Cultural Integration: The Bell Beaker Culture is pivotal in understanding the diffusion of new technologies and cultural practices across Europe. Its mingling with indigenous cultures, particularly during its decline around 1800 BCE, played a part in the development of the subsequent Urnfield Culture, which is characterized by widespread cremation practices and a further advance in metallurgical skill.

Interpretations and Debates: The Bell Beaker Culture in the Lech Valley, like elsewhere, is the subject of ongoing scholarly debate. Theories range from it representing mass migrations of people due to its sudden widespread appearance, to a cultural package comprising specific technologies and practices adopted by various indigenous groups. Recent genetic studies have begun to unravel these complexities, showing both continuity and change in populations.

In summary, the Bell Beaker Culture's influence in the Lech Valley is emblematic of a transformative era in prehistoric Europe, marking a critical juncture in the continent's prehistoric development where technological, social, and cultural evolutions were extensively interwoven.

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RISE596 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I4124 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2459 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I5519 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2500 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I5520 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2800 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I5521 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2800 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I5522 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2800 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I4132 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2500 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
AMP_1 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2473 BCE Königsbrunn-Ampack, Germany View
HUGO_169Sk1 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2566 BCE Augsburg - Hugo-Eckener-Straße, Germany View
HUGO_180Sk2 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2461 BCE Augsburg - Hugo-Eckener-Straße, Germany View
UNTA58_67 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2451 BCE Haunstetten - Unterer Talweg 58-62, Germany View
UNTA58_68Sk1 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2500 BCE Haunstetten - Unterer Talweg 58-62, Germany View
UNTA58_68Sk2 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2468 BCE Haunstetten - Unterer Talweg 58-62, Germany View
UNTA85_1336 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2463 BCE Haunstetten - Unterer Talweg 85 I (northern group), Germany View
UNTA85_1343 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2401 BCE Haunstetten - Unterer Talweg 85 I (northern group), Germany View
WEHR_1192SkA Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2339 BCE Wehringen - Hochfeld, Germany View
HUGO_167 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2275 BCE Augsburg - Hugo-Eckener-Straße, Germany View
HUGO_168 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2291 BCE Augsburg - Hugo-Eckener-Straße, Germany View
HUGO_171 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2397 BCE Augsburg - Hugo-Eckener-Straße, Germany View
HUGO_180Sk1 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2457 BCE Augsburg - Hugo-Eckener-Straße, Germany View
HUGO_190 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2275 BCE Augsburg - Hugo-Eckener-Straße, Germany View
RISE559 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2459 BCE Augsburg (Bavaria), Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE559) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 37%
European Hunter-Gatherers 30%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 30%
Ancient Asians 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE559) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 75%
Northwestern European 47%
English 23.8%
Northwestern European 11.8%
Scandinavian 11.5%
Southern European 28%
Italian 19.8%
Iberian 5.2%
Balkan 2.7%
Asia 25%
Northern West Asian 25%
Caucasian 12.9%
Mesopotamian 11.3%
Cypriot 1.0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE559 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE559,0.11698922,0.120209,0.01881764,0.00312288,0.01384298,-0.00316578,0.00093192,-0.00036826,-0.00221446,0.00798742,0.00174702,0.00787166,-0.01106632,-0.00256698,-0.00036884,-0.00498472,0.00346242,-0.00138144,0.00238902,-0.00285848,0.0014703,0.00084494,-0.00353924,0.0014989,-0.00125868
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
View Publication
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