A man buried in Russia in the Iron Age era

RISE602
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE602
Date:
1000 BCE - 1 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
C4-a2*
Y-DNA:
J-BY114993
Cultural Period:
Iron Age 3 Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Sary-Bel
Coordinates:
50.6150, 86.4590
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Iron Age in the Eurasian Steppe, particularly during the period known as Iron Age 3 (roughly 700 BCE to 200 CE), was marked by significant cultural, technological, and societal changes. This era saw the rise and influence of various nomadic and semi-nomadic cultures that played pivotal roles in shaping the historical and cultural landscape of the region. Here's a detailed description of this era:

Geography and Environment

The Eurasian Steppe is a vast expanse of grassland stretching from Eastern Europe across Central Asia and into China. It is characterized by its flat terrain, harsh climate with cold winters and hot summers, and sparse vegetation, making it a challenging environment for subsistence and settlement. Despite these challenges, the Steppe provided vast grazing lands conducive to pastoralism, enabling the development of nomadic cultures.

Societal Structure

The societies of Iron Age 3 on the Eurasian Steppe were predominantly nomadic and pastoral. They organized themselves into tribes and clans, with family ties playing a central role in social structure. Leadership was often informal and based on merit, particularly military skill and experience, though some tribes did establish more formal hierarchies and chieftains or kings.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of these communities was primarily based on pastoralism, with herding of sheep, goats, horses, and cattle being the mainstay. The horse was particularly significant, not only as a source of wealth and status but also as a tool for warfare and transportation, allowing for the mobility essential for nomadic life.

Trade was also an important aspect of the economy, with these cultures engaging in long-distance trade networks that stretched across Asia and into Europe. They exchanged goods such as furs, skins, livestock, and later, metals such as iron, with settled civilizations in exchange for grain, textiles, and metal goods.

Technological Advances

Iron Age 3 saw significant technological advancements, particularly with the widespread use of iron. The steppe cultures were skilled metalworkers, producing weapons, tools, and ornaments. The adoption of iron metallurgy allowed for more effective tools and weapons, contributing to their military prowess and efficiency in pastoral activities.

One of the most notable technological advancements was the development and refinement of horse-drawn chariots and, later, mounted cavalry. These innovations transformed military tactics not only within the steppe regions but also in their interactions and conflicts with settled civilizations.

Cultural Developments

The cultures of the Iron Age 3 Eurasian Steppe were rich in oral traditions, art, and religious practices. Art from this period, often found in burial mounds (kurgans) and petroglyphs, includes intricate metalwork, textiles, and sculpture, reflecting both the daily life and spiritual beliefs of these societies.

Religious beliefs were varied and often centered around nature worship, ancestors, and shamanism. Rituals and ceremonies played a significant role, with animal sacrifices and offerings being common practices to appease deities or ensure success in hunting and warfare.

Interaction and Influence

Throughout the Iron Age 3, the steppe cultures interacted extensively with neighboring civilizations, including the Greeks, Persians, Chinese, and later Romans. These interactions were at times peaceful, involving trade and cultural exchanges, and at other times conflictual, leading to raids and invasions.

Notable groups during this period include the Scythians, Sarmatians, and later groups like the Huns, who became known for their military exploits. Their influence extended into the political and military domains of the neighboring settled empires, contributing to the dynamic intercultural exchanges that characterized this era.

Legacy

The Iron Age 3 period of the Eurasian Steppe left a significant legacy on the course of Eurasian history. The cultural practices, technological innovations, and dynamic social structures of these nomadic groups played a crucial role in shaping the interactions across the vast continent, influencing subsequent cultures and civilizations that arose in their wake.

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I4143 2456 BCE Landau an der Isar, Germany View
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RISE407 1118 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE408 1212 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
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RISE413 1919 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE416 1616 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE423 1407 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE431 2286 BCE Leki Male, Poland View
RISE434 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE446 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
RISE471 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE479 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE484 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE486 2136 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE487 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE489 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE493 1518 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
RISE495 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE496 1416 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE497 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE499 1400 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE500 1700 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE502 1497 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE503 1731 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE504 709 CE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE505 1862 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE510 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE511 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE512 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE523 1531 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE524 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE525 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE546 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE547 2886 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE548 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE550 3335 BCE Peshany V, Russia View
RISE552 2846 BCE Ulan V, Russia View
RISE553 927 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE554 1009 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE555 2853 BCE Stalingrad Quarry, Russia View
RISE595 1200 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
RISE598 906 BCE Turlojiske, Lithuania View
RISE600 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE601 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE602 1000 BCE Sary-Bel, Russia View
RISE492 Karasuk Culture, Russia 393 BCE Sabinka-2 (Republic of Khakassia, Beysky District), Russia View
RISE559 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2459 BCE Augsburg (Bavaria), Germany View
RISE562 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2456 BCE Dingolfing-Landau (Bavaria, Landau an der Isar), Germany View
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RISE564 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE566 Bell Beaker culture 2282 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE567 Bell Beaker culture 2800 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE568 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 600 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE569 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 660 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE577 Early Bronze Age Únětice Culture 2500 BCE Velké-Přílepy (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE586 Únětice culture 2800 BCE Moravská-Nová-Ves (South Moravian Region, Břeclav District), Czechia View
RISE596 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
RISE602 Iron Age 3 Russia 1000 BCE Sary-Bel, Russia View
RISE601 Iron Age 3 Russia 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE600 Iron Age 3 Russia 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE602) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 36%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 27%
European Hunter-Gatherers 18%
Neolithic Farmers 12%
Ancient Native Americans 5%
Ancient Oceanians 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE602) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 63%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 35%
Central Asian 22.1%
Pakistan 9.7%
Indian 2.8%
Northern Asian 17%
Siberian 17.0%
Northern West Asian 12%
Caucasian 11.9%
Europe 31%
Eastern European 24%
Eastern European 23.8%
Northwestern European 7%
English 4.3%
Scandinavian 3.1%
America 5%
America 5%
Native American 5.4%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE602 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE602,0.08458608,-0.08246178,0.05546536,0.04162998,-0.04665872,0.00087798,-0.0051917,-0.00474044,-0.01362822,-0.02761092,0.00810374,-0.00470684,0.01128332,-0.02329008,-0.00238886,-0.00634476,-0.01112236,-0.00398746,-0.01247794,-0.00891568,-0.00855862,0.0055196,-0.01412344,0.00541272,-0.00370077
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
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