A man buried in Germany in the Bronze Age era

RISE471
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE471
Date:
1687 BCE - 1517 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
J1c1b
Y-DNA:
R-P310
Cultural Period:
Bronze Age Germany
Location
Country:
Germany
Locality:
Untermeitingen
Coordinates:
48.1700, 10.8140
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Bronze Age in Germany, spanning roughly from 2200 BCE to 800 BCE, marks a significant period of cultural and technological development in the region that would later influence the Proto-Germanic tribes. During this era, the area saw the transition from the Stone Age's predominantly agrarian societies to more complex communities characterized by advancements in metallurgy, trade, and social organization.

Geographical and Environmental Influences

The geography of what is now Germany played a vital role in shaping its Bronze Age cultures. With its dense forests, navigable rivers, and fertile plains, the region provided ample resources and facilitated trade and communication. The Rhine, Danube, and Elbe Rivers, in particular, acted as natural highways that linked the communities of Central Europe with those of the wider continent, including Mediterranean civilizations.

Cultural and Technological Developments

Metallurgy

Bronze Age Germany witnessed significant advancements in metalworking. The region became adept at producing bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, which was used to craft a range of tools, weapons, and ornaments. This metallurgical expertise marked a departure from earlier stone tools, allowing for more efficient farming implements, superior weaponry, and intricate decorative items, which indicated prestige and status.

The Unetice culture (circa 2300-1600 BCE), one of the earliest Bronze Age cultures in the region, is notable for its sophisticated use of bronze. Their production of flat axes, daggers, and jewelry was emblematic of the period’s technological progress.

Trade and Interaction

Bronze Age societies in Germany engaged in extensive trade networks that stretched across Europe. They imported materials like tin from as far away as Cornwall in England, and their manufactured goods traveled even farther. Trade not only facilitated the exchange of goods but also fostered cultural and technological exchanges, leading to shared stylistic motifs and technological practices across vast distances.

Artifacts such as the Nebra sky disc, a bronze disk dating back to around 1600 BCE, underscore the astronomical knowledge and craftsmanship of the time and suggest contact with distant cultures.

Settlement and Social Structure

Communities during this era were typically organized into small villages or hamlets, though some larger settlements emerged with fortified structures. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of social hierarchies, with elite groups controlling resources such as metal production and trade.

Burial practices from this period, including richly furnished barrows or tumuli, reveal much about social stratification. High-status individuals were often interred with lavish goods, such as ornate weapons, jewelry, and drinking vessels, which served as symbols of power and influence.

Cultural Practices

The Bronze Age in Germany was characterized by rich ritualistic and religious practices. Burials and hoards often included offerings intended to appease or communicate with deities, although specific religious beliefs are largely interpreted through archaeological evidence rather than written records.

The religious landscape likely revolved around natural elements and celestial bodies, as suggested by the Nebra sky disc, which may have been used for ritualistic observation. This indicates not only spiritual sophistication but also a rudimentary understanding of astronomy.

Proto-Germanic Development

The late Bronze Age saw the beginnings of Proto-Germanic cultural and linguistic formation, influenced by the convergence of indigenous traditions and incoming cultural elements. While detailed specifics of linguistic development from this period are opaque, archaeological and linguistic reconstructions suggest that by the end of the Bronze Age, dialects ancestral to later Germanic languages were in use.

Through interactions and migrations during this period, elements of material culture, societal organization, and technological expertise laid the groundwork for the Iron Age cultures and the subsequent emergence of distinct Germanic tribes.

Legacy

The Bronze Age in Germany laid a foundational cultural and technological framework that influenced subsequent epochs. The era's priorities on metallurgy, trade, and social development fostered the societal complexities necessary for the eventual rise of identifiable Germanic cultures. While direct connections are nuanced, the customs, art, social structures, and innovations of Bronze Age Germany undeniably set the stage for the richly woven tapestry of Germanic history.

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RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
RISE471 Bronze Age Germany 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE471) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

European Hunter-Gatherers 38%
Neolithic Farmers 35%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 22%
Ancient Asians 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE471) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 98%
Southern European 69%
Iberian 47.1%
Sardinian 18.0%
Balkan 4.0%
Northwestern European 29%
English 13.9%
Finnish 13.4%
Northwestern European 2.1%
Africa 2%
North African 2%
Egyptian 1.6%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE471 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE471,0.11364348,0.13807708,0.0462786,0.0089383,0.04911276,-0.00179532,-0.00082392,0.00281826,0.0229278,0.01917496,-0.00959552,0.00079164,-0.00012484,-0.00734654,0.01712406,0.00339032,-0.00503198,-0.0016778,0.0012867,0.00241854,0.00296622,-0.00036276,-0.00091704,-0.00810994,0.00226981
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
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