A woman buried in Russia in the Early Bronze Age era

RISE510
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE510
Date:
2848 BCE - 2465 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
J2a2a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Afanasievo Culture
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Bateni
Coordinates:
54.3566, 90.9192
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Afanasievo culture, existing from approximately 3500 to 2500 BCE, represents one of the early manifestations of the Indo-European cultural and linguistic family. It played a crucial role in shaping the prehistoric landscape across parts of what is now southern Siberia and Central Asia. Named after the village of Afanasievo in the Russian Altai Mountains where the first archaeological findings were gathered, this culture provides a fascinating glimpse into the lives of one of the earliest groups to spread Indo-European languages.

Geographical and Chronological Context: The Afanasievo culture appeared in the Altai-Sayan region, spanning across southern Siberia into Mongolia and the foothills of the Altai Mountains. This culture emerged during the Bronze Age, sharing temporal proximity with other significant early European cultures, such as the Yamnaya on the western steppes.

Archaeological Characteristics: The Afanasievo people are primarily known through their burial sites, which display rich mortuary practices. Burials were typically conducted in rectangular pits with stone coverings, and the dead were often laid on their backs, sometimes interred with personal belongings and cattle remains. These practices suggest a community deeply reliant on livestock and indicative of a pastoral lifestyle, a hallmark of many Proto-Indo-European societies.

Material Culture and Technology: The material culture of the Afanasievo is characterized by distinctive pottery, which includes flat-bottomed jars, often embellished with geometric patterns. Stone was the primary material for tool-making, including polished axe heads and other implements. There is also evidence of basic metallurgy, with copper items having been recovered, signaling an early transition from the Stone Age toward more advanced metal use.

Economy and Subsistence: The Afanasievo people were primarily pastoralists, herding cattle, sheep, and goats. This aligns with the economic patterns of many Steppe cultures, supporting a semi-nomadic lifestyle with elements of settled pastoralism. The presence of domesticated animals, particularly horses, suggests a culture adept in animal husbandry and potentially the early use of horses in transport and communication.

Cultural and Linguistic Significance: One of the most compelling aspects of the Afanasievo culture is its possible connection to the broader spread of Indo-European languages. The similarities between Afanasievo and cultures like Yamnaya, especially in burial practices and economic structures, support theories that the Afanasievo culture might have played a role in the eastern expansion of Indo-European peoples. This connection is crucial for understanding the prehistoric dissemination and development of Indo-European languages across Eurasia.

Interactions and Legacy: While the Afanasievo culture thrived, it likely interacted with neighboring cultures, influencing and being influenced by them. Its eventual overlap with the Okunev culture suggests a period of cultural transition or amalgamation. The precise nature of these interactions remains a subject of archaeological investigation, but they underscore the dynamic nature of cultural exchange in prehistoric times.

In summary, the Afanasievo culture is a pivotal chapter in the prehistoric narrative of Eurasia, offering insights into the early movements and influences of Indo-European groups across the vast steppes. Its legacy is visible in the continuities observed in subsequent regional developments as well as its contributions to the historical tapestry that has shaped modern linguistic and cultural landscapes.

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RISE396 1196 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE397 1049 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE407 1118 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE408 1212 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE412 1201 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
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RISE416 1616 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE423 1407 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE431 2286 BCE Leki Male, Poland View
RISE434 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE446 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
RISE471 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE479 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE484 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE486 2136 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE487 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE489 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
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RISE495 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE496 1416 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE497 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE499 1400 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE500 1700 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE502 1497 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE503 1731 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE504 709 CE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE505 1862 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE510 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE511 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE512 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE523 1531 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE524 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE525 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE546 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE547 2886 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE548 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
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RISE601 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE602 1000 BCE Sary-Bel, Russia View
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RISE568 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 600 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
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RISE577 Early Bronze Age Únětice Culture 2500 BCE Velké-Přílepy (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
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RISE596 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I6712 Afanasievo Culture 2857 BCE Middle Yenisei region. Afanasieva Gora, Russia View
I6711 Afanasievo Culture 2950 BCE Middle Yenisei region. Afanasieva Gora, Russia View
I6713 Afanasievo Culture 3000 BCE Middle Yenisei region. Afanasieva Gora, Russia View
I6715 Afanasievo Culture 3300 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
I2069 Afanasievo Culture 3331 BCE Altai Autonomous Republic. Ust-Kanski. Altai Mountains. Kaminnaya Cave, Russia View
I2071 Afanasievo Culture 3088 BCE Altai Mountains. Ust'-Kuyum, Russia View
I3951 Afanasievo Culture 2881 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
I3954 Afanasievo Culture 2874 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
I1829 Afanasievo Culture 3011 BCE Altai Mountains. Saldyar-1 cemetery, Russia View
I3952 Afanasievo Culture 2868 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
I5269 Afanasievo Culture 3016 BCE Elo 1, Russia View
I5270 Afanasievo Culture 3323 BCE Elo 1, Russia View
I5271 Afanasievo Culture 3011 BCE Elo 1, Russia View
I5272 Afanasievo Culture 3006 BCE Elo Bashi, Russia View
I5273 Afanasievo Culture 3011 BCE Lower Tyumechin 1, Russia View
I5277 Afanasievo Culture 3092 BCE Elo Bashi, Russia View
I5278 Afanasievo Culture 3082 BCE Lower Tyumechin 1, Russia View
I5279 Afanasievo Culture 3011 BCE Lower Tyumechin 1, Russia View
I3387 Afanasievo Culture 2950 BCE Middle Yenisei region. Afanasieva Gora, Russia View
I10565 Afanasievo Culture 2889 BCE Middle Yenisei region. Afanasieva Gora, Russia View
I10564 Afanasievo Culture 3300 BCE Middle Yenisei region. Afanasieva Gora, Russia View
I11112 Afanasievo Culture 3050 BCE Krasnoyarsk Krai. Minusinsk Rayon. Podsukhanika II, Russia View
I11752 Afanasievo Culture 2900 BCE Inskoy Dol, Russia View
I3388 Afanasievo Culture 2800 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
I3949 Afanasievo Culture 2844 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
I3950 Afanasievo Culture 2879 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
I6714 Afanasievo Culture 2618 BCE Altai Mountains. Yenisey River. left bank of Karasuk tributary. Karasuk III, Russia View
RISE511 Afanasievo Culture 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE507.508.merge Afanasievo Culture 3323 BCE River Kuyum, Russia View
RISE510 Afanasievo Culture 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE510) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 49%
European Hunter-Gatherers 33%
Ancient Asians 8%
Neolithic Farmers 7%
Ancient Native Americans 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE510) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 70%
Northwestern European 37%
English 17.5%
Scandinavian 17.0%
Northwestern European 2.0%
Eastern European 33%
Eastern European 33.1%
Asia 26%
Northern West Asian 14%
Caucasian 14.5%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 11%
Pakistan 11.2%
America 5%
America 5%
Native American 4.6%
Oceania 0%
Melanesian 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE510 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE510,0.11452454,0.0633297,0.03244428,0.03688008,-0.01076434,0.01147534,0.00583208,0.00010556,-0.02363516,-0.02848226,0.00350418,-0.00043618,0.004717,-0.00710832,-0.00096312,-0.00565298,-0.00733682,-0.00037816,-0.00595032,-0.00714186,0.00052416,0.00442254,-0.00527972,0.00838342,-0.00286878
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
View Publication
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