A man buried in Poland in the Bronze Age era

RISE1
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE1
Date:
2866 BCE - 2577 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
K1b1a1
Y-DNA:
R-L754
Cultural Period:
Corded Ware Culture, Poland
Location
Country:
Poland
Locality:
Oblaczkowo
Coordinates:
52.2900, 17.5400
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Corded Ware Culture, also known as the Battle Axe Culture or Single Grave Culture, was a significant prehistoric culture that spanned across much of Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe, with a strong presence in what is today Poland. Flourishing during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, approximately between 2900 BCE and 2350 BCE, this culture represents a pivotal period in European prehistory characterized by significant advancements in social, technological, and cultural developments.

Geographic and Temporal Context:

The Corded Ware Culture is named after the characteristic pottery style that is often decorated with cord-like impressions. It extended from the North European Plain through present-day Germany, Poland, and into the Baltic states and parts of Scandinavia, as well as eastward into Russia.

Archaeological Insights:

Settlements:

In Poland, evidence of Corded Ware settlements typically comprises dispersed farmsteads rather than large, dense villages. These communities were likely semi-nomadic, engaging in both agriculture and animal husbandry. Their settlements were not fortified, suggesting a lifestyle that balanced settled agriculture with pastoral nomadism.

Burial Practices:

The Corded Ware Culture is particularly noted for its burial traditions. Graves were typically individual and characterized by the presence of grave goods indicative of the deceased’s status and occupation. Burial mounds (barrows) were common, with bodies often buried in a flexed position, usually on their side, accompanied by tools, weapons (such as stone battle axes), and pottery. These grave goods suggest not only individual status but also a society that valued warriors, hunters, and possibly a form of early social hierarchy.

Pottery and Artifacts:

The pottery is one of the most distinctive aspects of this culture, known for its unique decorative techniques. The typical Corded Ware pottery includes beakers with incised decorations made using a corded impression. Other material artifacts that have been discovered include polished stone tools and bone artifacts, indicating a society skilled in crafting and commerce.

Cultural and Technological Developments:

Social Organization:

There is evidence to suggest that the Corded Ware people had a patriarchal society with social stratifications. The burials of males with weapons and specific artifacts indicate the potential existence of a warrior class.

Economy:

The economy was primarily based on agriculture, with evidence suggesting the cultivation of cereals and legumes. Animal husbandry was also a significant aspect, with cattle and sheep being prevalent. The use of horses, possibly brought over from the steppes, began to gain prominence and likely played a role in both agriculture and mobility.

Technology and Innovations:

One of the technological hallmarks of the Corded Ware Culture was the advancement in the use of metals. While stone tools remained in use, there was an increasing incorporation of copper objects. Moreover, the advent of wheeled vehicles and improved transportation technologies can be traced to this era, promoting trade and cultural exchange over larger distances.

Linguistic and Genetic Implications:

The Corded Ware Culture is often associated with the spread of Indo-European languages in Europe. Genetic studies have shown that this culture likely contributed significantly to the genetic makeup of modern European populations, representing a migration wave that brought both cultural and linguistic changes.

Interaction with Neighboring Cultures:

The Corded Ware Culture interacted with neighboring cultures, such as the Funnelbeaker Culture and later the Bell Beaker Culture. These interactions could be seen in the exchange of goods, technological innovations, and possibly cultural and religious beliefs.

Legacy:

The Corded Ware Culture is considered pivotal in shaping the prehistoric cultural landscape of Europe. Its influence persisted into the subsequent Bronze Age cultures, laying the groundwork for future social and technological developments. This era also marks a significant period of cultural transformations that contributed to shaping the demographic and cultural map of prehistoric Europe.

In summary, the Corded Ware Culture in Poland exemplifies a sophisticated society demonstrating significant advancements in agriculture, technology, and social organization, along with complex burial traditions and linguistic developments indicative of broader Eurasian influences.

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RISE436 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
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RISE471 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE479 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE484 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
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RISE487 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE489 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
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RISE495 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE496 1416 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE497 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE499 1400 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE500 1700 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE502 1497 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE503 1731 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE504 709 CE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE505 1862 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE510 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE511 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE512 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE523 1531 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE524 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE525 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
N47 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2600 BCE Pikutkowo, Poland View
N45 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2600 BCE Pikutkowo, Poland View
N49 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2600 BCE Pikutkowo, Poland View
N44 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2571 BCE Pikutkowo, Poland View
poz81 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2881 BCE Oblaczkowo, Poland View
poz44 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2866 BCE Oblaczkowo, Poland View
RISE1 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2866 BCE Oblaczkowo, Poland View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE1) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 45%
European Hunter-Gatherers 25%
Neolithic Farmers 17%
Ancient Asians 8%
Ancient Africans 6%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE1) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 96%
Northwestern European 96%
English 41.2%
Scandinavian 21.5%
Northwestern European 19.7%
Finnish 13.8%
America 3%
America 3%
Native American 2.9%
Asia 1%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 1%
Pakistan 0.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE1 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE1,0.13501386,0.12051196,0.06954348,0.0629304,0.03915612,0.02803624,0.00188932,0.00625448,0.0026629,-0.01466052,-0.00542708,0.00266068,0.00502556,-0.00128902,0.0098669,0.00084838,-0.00655718,-4.108E-05,0.00021404,0.00046778,0.00551638,0.0015458,-0.00080268,0.0091894,-0.00038884
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
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