A man buried in Russia in the Late Bronze Age era

RISE554
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE554
Date:
1009 BCE - 835 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
F1b1b
Y-DNA:
N-MF52704
Cultural Period:
Late Bronze Age 2 Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Afontova Gora
Coordinates:
56.0160, 92.8660
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Bronze Age (LBA) in Russia, especially relating to the Proto-Indo-European cultures, is a fascinating period marked by significant sociocultural, technological, and economic transformations. Scholars often focus on cultural groups like the Andronovo, Srubnaya (Timber-Grave), and others within this era, which roughly spans from 1500 to 1200 BCE. Here's a detailed description of this era and culture:

Geographic Context

The Late Bronze Age 2 in the Russian region primarily encompasses the vast steppes of southern Siberia and the Ural Mountains, extending into parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and western Siberia. These expansive grasslands facilitated mobility and interaction among different cultural groups, contributing to the diffusion of technologies and cultural practices.

Sociocultural Development

  1. Cultural Groups:

    • Andronovo Culture: This culture is one of the most significant in terms of Indo-European expansion, known for its extensive settlements and advanced metallurgy. The Andronovo culture spread across a vast area from the Urals to the Tian Shan mountains.
    • Srubnaya Culture: The Srubnaya or Timber-Grave culture is known for its distinctive burial practices involving wooden structures or timber frames over graves, found primarily in the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

  2. Language and Identity: The Proto-Indo-European language, believed to be the ancestor of many modern European and Asian languages, likely continued to evolve and diversify among these groups. Identity was closely tied to kinship and tribal affiliations, with language playing a critical role in maintaining cultural cohesion.

Technological Advancements

  1. Metallurgy: The Bronze Age is characterized by significant advancements in metalworking. This era saw the refinement of bronze production (an alloy of copper and tin), which was used to make tools, weapons, and ornaments. Metallurgical centers likely emerged where resources were abundant, facilitating trade.

  2. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: Cultivation of grains and domestication of animals like cattle, sheep, goats, and horses were vital. The horse, in particular, played a crucial role in the mobility and expansion of these cultures. Developments in chariot technology also had profound implications for trade, warfare, and communication.

Economic and Trade Networks

Trade networks expanded significantly during this time, facilitated by the horse and chariot. Goods such as metals, textiles, and pottery were traded across vast distances, linking the Eurasian steppe with other regions. This exchange network also included cultural and technological ideas, contributing to the development of societies.

Religion and Burial Practices

Religious practices in this era likely involved polytheistic beliefs, with a pantheon of gods related to natural elements and warrior deities. Burial practices varied, with the construction of kurgans (burial mounds) being a prominent feature, especially among the Srubnaya culture. These practices reflect beliefs about the afterlife and social hierarchy.

Decline and Transformation

As the Late Bronze Age drew to a close, environmental changes, resource scarcity, and societal pressures might have led to migrations and the transformation of these cultures. These movements contributed to the spread of Indo-European languages and practices into Europe and Asia, leaving a lasting legacy on subsequent cultures.

In summary, the Late Bronze Age 2 in Russia represents a pivotal era of cultural dynamism, marked by advanced metallurgy, agricultural development, and expansive trade networks. The Proto-Indo-European cultures of this time laid foundational aspects for subsequent civilizations across Eurasia, shaped by their innovations and interactions.

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I4143 2456 BCE Landau an der Isar, Germany View
I4144 2573 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
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I13170 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
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RISE397 1049 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE407 1118 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE408 1212 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE412 1201 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
RISE413 1919 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE416 1616 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE423 1407 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE431 2286 BCE Leki Male, Poland View
RISE434 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE446 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
RISE471 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE479 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE484 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE486 2136 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE487 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE489 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE493 1518 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
RISE495 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE496 1416 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE497 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE499 1400 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE500 1700 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE502 1497 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE503 1731 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE504 709 CE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE505 1862 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE510 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE511 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE512 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE523 1531 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE524 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE525 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE546 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE547 2886 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE548 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE550 3335 BCE Peshany V, Russia View
RISE552 2846 BCE Ulan V, Russia View
RISE553 927 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE554 1009 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE555 2853 BCE Stalingrad Quarry, Russia View
RISE595 1200 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
RISE598 906 BCE Turlojiske, Lithuania View
RISE600 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE601 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE602 1000 BCE Sary-Bel, Russia View
RISE492 Karasuk Culture, Russia 393 BCE Sabinka-2 (Republic of Khakassia, Beysky District), Russia View
RISE559 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2459 BCE Augsburg (Bavaria), Germany View
RISE562 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2456 BCE Dingolfing-Landau (Bavaria, Landau an der Isar), Germany View
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RISE564 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE566 Bell Beaker culture 2282 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE567 Bell Beaker culture 2800 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE568 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 600 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE569 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 660 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE577 Early Bronze Age Únětice Culture 2500 BCE Velké-Přílepy (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE586 Únětice culture 2800 BCE Moravská-Nová-Ves (South Moravian Region, Břeclav District), Czechia View
RISE596 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
RISE554 Late Bronze Age 2 Russia 1009 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE554) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 63%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 22%
Ancient Native Americans 10%
European Hunter-Gatherers 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE554) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 78%
Northern Asian 58%
Siberian 58.2%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 18%
Central Asian 18.0%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 2%
Tibetan 1.6%
Europe 12%
Northwestern European 7%
Northwestern European 6.0%
Finnish 1.0%
Eastern European 5%
Eastern European 4.8%
America 7%
America 7%
Native American 7.3%
Africa 2%
Northern East African 2%
Eastern African 1.7%
Oceania 1%
Melanesian 1%
Papuan 1.4%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE554 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE554,0.08834042,-0.14388764,0.0993058,0.05192382,-0.05015232,-0.0210454,-0.00855078,-0.00409392,0.00612614,-0.01404884,0.03456264,-0.00435206,0.01179442,-0.0294894,-0.01448414,-0.01195992,-0.01074746,0.00618266,0.0122076,0.00481594,0.00171488,-0.00206836,0.02020916,-0.00449944,0.00345097
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
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