A man buried in Russia in the Late Bronze Age era

RISE553
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE553
Date:
927 BCE - 812 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
F1b
Y-DNA:
R-M198
Cultural Period:
Late Bronze Age 1 Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Afontova Gora
Coordinates:
56.0160, 92.8660
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Bronze Age 1 period in what is today Russia is a fascinating era that is often linked with the spread of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) culture. This time period, roughly spanning from 1600 to 1200 BCE, marks a significant phase in the development of societies in the Eurasian steppe region, influencing broad swathes of Europe and Asia.

Geography and Environment

The geography of the area we now call Russia during the Late Bronze Age was characterized by vast steppes, forests, and rivers that provided both challenges and resources for the proto-Indo-European communities. These vast open plains were ideal for the grazing of livestock, which played a crucial role in the subsistence and economy of these societies. The environment also facilitated movement and trade, which were essential for the spread of cultural and technological innovations.

Socio-Economic Structure

The social structure during this period was likely tribal, with a focus on kinship and clan-based systems. The economy was primarily pastoral, with communities relying heavily on livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats, which were central to their livelihoods. The domestication of horses, which had started earlier, played an increasingly important role, particularly in terms of mobility, trade, and warfare.

Trade routes extended across the steppes, linking the communities of the region with those further afield, and facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and techniques. Metalworking, particularly with bronze, was a significant technological advancement during this period, leading to improvements in tools and weaponry.

Language and Culture

Linguistically, this era is crucial as it is believed to be a significant phase in the evolution and spread of Proto-Indo-European languages. The PIE people are thought to have a common linguistic ancestry that would later diverge into the various Indo-European languages spoken across Europe and parts of Asia today. Language was a key cultural element, accompanied by shared myths, religious practices, and possibly the early stages of a loose pantheon that would leave traces in various later Indo-European religions.

Art and Religion

Cultural expressions during this time included the production of jewelry, ceramics, and other forms of artistic work. Ornamentation often featured animal motifs, which might have held symbolic or religious significance. Burial practices provide insights into their spiritual world; kurgans or burial mounds reveal complex ritual practices, suggesting a belief in an afterlife and possibly ancestor worship.

Technology and Warfare

The Late Bronze Age was marked by significant technological advancements, primarily in metalworking. Bronze tools, weapons, and implements improved efficiency in both daily life and military endeavors. The introduction and refinement of chariots are noteworthy, revolutionizing warfare and facilitating quicker movement across vast distances.

Expansion and Influence

The period saw movements and migrations that are considered pivotal in the spread of Proto-Indo-European languages and culture. These movements were not merely the exploration of new territories but the establishment of routes that allowed cultural, technological, and genetic exchanges across diverse regions. This dissemination would lay the groundwork for the rise of historical cultures and civilizations influenced by or descended from Proto-Indo-European tongues and traditions.

In conclusion, the Late Bronze Age 1 in Russia represents a transformational era, marked by dynamic socio-economic, technological, and cultural developments. These changes played a critical role in shaping the future of Eurasian cultures and the dissemination of Proto-Indo-European language and culture across a vast geographic area. Understanding this period aids in grasping the complex legacies that have influenced numerous later societies.

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RISE479 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE373 Early Bronze Age Maros Culture, Hungary 1887 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE247 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 1743 BCE Százhalombatta-Földvár, Hungary View
RISE484 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
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I3425 1417 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
I10565 2889 BCE Bateni, Russia View
I4124 2459 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I4132 2500 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I4143 2456 BCE Landau an der Isar, Germany View
I4144 2573 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
I4134 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
I4145 2282 BCE Knezeves, Czech Republic View
I4136 2800 BCE Knezeves, Czech Republic View
I5026 600 CE Brandysek, Czech Republic View
I4137 660 CE Brandysek, Czech Republic View
I4139 2500 BCE Velké Přílepy, Czech Republic View
I4130 2800 BCE Moravská Nová Ves, Czech Republic View
I13170 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
I10565 2889 BCE Bateni, Russia View
I4130 2800 BCE Moravská Nová Ves, Czech Republic View
I4136 2800 BCE Knezeves, Czech Republic View
I4124 2459 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I4134 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
I4143 2456 BCE Landau an der Isar, Germany View
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RISE1 2866 BCE Oblaczkowo, Poland View
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RISE42 2193 BCE Marbjerg, Denmark View
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RISE61 2848 BCE Kyndelöse, Denmark View
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RISE94 2623 BCE Viby, Sweden View
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RISE154 1930 BCE Szczepankowice, Poland View
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RISE175 1396 BCE Abekås I, Sweden View
RISE179 2015 BCE Abekås I, Sweden View
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RISE247 1743 BCE Százhalombatta-Földvár, Hungary View
RISE254 2130 BCE Százhalombatta-Földvár, Hungary View
RISE276 789 BCE Trundholm II, Denmark View
RISE349 2034 BCE Battonya Vörös Oktober, Hungary View
RISE371 2137 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE373 1887 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE374 1872 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE386 2335 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE391 2126 BCE Tanabergen II, Kazakhstan View
RISE392 2131 BCE Stepnoe VII Cemetery, Russia View
RISE394 1953 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE395 2008 BCE Bol'shekaraganskii, Russia View
RISE396 1196 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE397 1049 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE407 1118 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE408 1212 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE412 1201 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
RISE413 1919 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE416 1616 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE423 1407 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE431 2286 BCE Leki Male, Poland View
RISE434 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE446 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
RISE471 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE479 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE484 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE486 2136 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE487 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE489 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE493 1518 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
RISE495 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE496 1416 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE497 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE499 1400 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE500 1700 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE502 1497 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE503 1731 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE504 709 CE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE505 1862 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE510 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE511 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE512 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE523 1531 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE524 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE525 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE546 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE547 2886 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE548 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE550 3335 BCE Peshany V, Russia View
RISE552 2846 BCE Ulan V, Russia View
RISE553 927 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE554 1009 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE555 2853 BCE Stalingrad Quarry, Russia View
RISE595 1200 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
RISE598 906 BCE Turlojiske, Lithuania View
RISE600 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE601 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE602 1000 BCE Sary-Bel, Russia View
RISE492 Karasuk Culture, Russia 393 BCE Sabinka-2 (Republic of Khakassia, Beysky District), Russia View
RISE559 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2459 BCE Augsburg (Bavaria), Germany View
RISE562 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2456 BCE Dingolfing-Landau (Bavaria, Landau an der Isar), Germany View
RISE563 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2573 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE564 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE566 Bell Beaker culture 2282 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE567 Bell Beaker culture 2800 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE568 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 600 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE569 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 660 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE577 Early Bronze Age Únětice Culture 2500 BCE Velké-Přílepy (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE586 Únětice culture 2800 BCE Moravská-Nová-Ves (South Moravian Region, Břeclav District), Czechia View
RISE596 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
RISE553 Late Bronze Age 1 Russia 927 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE553) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 34%
European Hunter-Gatherers 33%
Ancient Asians 27%
Neolithic Farmers 3%
Ancient Oceanians 3%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE553) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 63%
Northwestern European 42%
English 23.0%
Scandinavian 11.1%
Finnish 7.5%
Eastern European 21%
Eastern European 20.8%
Asia 25%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 17%
Central Asian 17.4%
Northern West Asian 8%
Caucasian 8.1%
America 7%
America 7%
Native American 7.5%
Oceania 3%
Melanesian 3%
Papuan 3.0%
Africa 1%
African Hunter-Gatherer 1%
African Hunter-Gatherer 1.2%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE553 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE553,0.1053344,0.02606486,0.06985192,0.05231274,0.00199468,0.01152584,-0.01338644,-0.01096026,-0.00465476,-0.01838566,0.00901788,-0.00439784,0.00596864,-0.01546304,0.0001444,-0.01049542,-0.01503646,-0.00106626,-0.0141947,-0.01421196,0.00577086,0.00466998,-0.01559218,0.0117504,-0.00034795
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
View Publication
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