A man buried in Denmark in the Late Neolithic era

RISE42
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE42
Date:
2193 BCE - 1971 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H3v-a
Y-DNA:
R-M198
Cultural Period:
Late Neolithic Denmark
Location
Country:
Denmark
Locality:
Marbjerg
Coordinates:
55.6570, 12.1480
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Neolithic era in Denmark, notably within the context of the Funnelbeaker culture (also known as the Trichterbecherkultur or TRB culture), represents a fascinating period of transition and development, roughly dated between 3000 and 2800 BCE. This era marks significant advancements in agriculture, technology, and social structures that laid the groundwork for more complex societies in Northern Europe.

Geographical Context: The Funnelbeaker culture is named after its distinctive pottery, featuring funnel-shaped beakers. It spanned a substantial part of Northern and Central Europe, with Denmark being one of the central regions. Denmark's landscape during this time was marked by densely forested areas interspersed with lakes and waterways, which heavily influenced the subsistence strategies and settlement patterns of the TRB communities.

Agriculture and Subsistence: The Late Neolithic period in Denmark witnessed substantial agricultural developments. The people of the Funnelbeaker culture practiced mixed farming, cultivating a variety of crops like wheat, barley, peas, and flax. They also domesticated animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Agriculture was complemented by hunting, fishing, and gathering, allowing communities to exploit the rich resources of their environment. This combination of farming and foraging facilitated more permanent settlements.

Settlement and Architecture: Settlements during this era typically consisted of small, scattered farmsteads. The architecture was relatively basic, with homes made of wood and utilizing wattle-and-daub techniques. Some sites indicate larger community structures, potentially used for gatherings or communal activities. One of the most notable architectural features of the Funnelbeaker culture in Denmark is the megalithic tombs. These monumental structures, including long barrows, dolmens, and passage graves, were constructed using large stones and served as communal burial sites, underscoring a complex spiritual or religious life.

Social Structure: The social structure of the Funnelbeaker communities during the Late Neolithic was likely organized around extended familial lines or clans, though there is evidence of social stratification. The construction and use of megalithic tombs suggest the presence of social hierarchies, with certain individuals or groups having access to prestigious burial sites. The distribution of grave goods, such as pottery, tools, and ornaments, further indicates differing social status among individuals.

Technology and Craftsmanship: Technological advancements were pronounced during this era, with significant progress in tool production and pottery. Flint was a primary material for tools, mining, and knapping techniques becoming more sophisticated and efficient. The pottery of the Funnelbeaker culture is recognized for its distinct shapes and decorations, indicative of skilled craftsmanship and cultural expression. Additionally, evidence of textile production, as suggested by spindle whorls and loom weights, points to developing domestic industries.

Cultural and Religious Practices: Religious and cultural practices in Late Neolithic Denmark were deeply intertwined with the natural landscape and agricultural cycle. The megalithic structures not only served as burial sites but also likely held ceremonial significance. Artifacts and remains found within these sites suggest rituals that honored ancestors and connected communities to their land. The art and symbolism reflected in pottery and carvings from this period indicate a rich spiritual life and a complex cosmology.

Trade and Interaction: The Funnelbeaker culture was not isolated; evidence suggests active trade networks existed during the Late Neolithic. Flint, amber, and pottery were among the items exchanged, linking Denmark to broader European trade routes. These interactions facilitated cultural exchange, influencing technological and cultural developments and introducing new ideas and goods.

In conclusion, the Late Neolithic era in Denmark under the Funnelbeaker culture was a dynamic period marked by significant cultural, technological, and social evolutions. The communities were adept at harnessing their environment, reflected in their agricultural practices, architectural achievements, and material culture. These developments laid crucial foundations for the subsequent cultural and historical trajectories in Northern Europe.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
RISE71 Late Neolithic Denmark 2197 BCE Falshöj, Denmark View
RISE42 Late Neolithic Denmark 2193 BCE Marbjerg, Denmark View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE42) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

European Hunter-Gatherers 37%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 31%
Neolithic Farmers 16%
Ancient Asians 16%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE42) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 83%
Northwestern European 72%
Finnish 54.1%
English 16.6%
Northwestern European 0.8%
Eastern European 11%
Eastern European 11.2%
Asia 11%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 8%
Indonesian Khmer Thai Myanma 8.5%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 2%
Pakistan 2.4%
Africa 6%
African Hunter-Gatherer 6%
African Hunter-Gatherer 6.4%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE42 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE42,0.11863074,0.05419564,0.04999134,0.04155174,0.04589218,0.03255086,0.00117254,7.68E-05,0.00336936,-0.00424294,-0.00098774,0.00533384,-0.00548502,-0.01052202,0.02224692,0.00367376,-0.01031772,0.00649446,-0.00044688,0.00090604,0.00449404,0.00031848,0.00717814,0.01297736,0.00437776
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
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