A man buried in Lithuania in the Late Bronze Age era

RISE598
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE598
Date:
906 BCE - 477 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H2a2
Y-DNA:
P-P226
Cultural Period:
Late Bronze Age Lithuania
Location
Country:
Lithuania
Locality:
Turlojiske
Coordinates:
54.3580, 23.3020
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Bronze Age in Lithuania, approximately dated between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE, represents a significant period in the prehistory of the Baltic region, influencing the development of what would eventually become the distinct Lithuanian culture. This era is part of the wider Bronze Age period in Europe, marked by the widespread use of metalworking, particularly the use of bronze, which resulted from the alloying of copper and tin.

Geographical Context

Lithuania, during the Late Bronze Age, was characterized by dense forests, numerous rivers, and many lakes. This geographic setting had a substantial influence on the cultural and socio-economic development of the region. The natural environment provided abundant resources, including wood for building and tool-making, as well as fertile land for agriculture.

Society and Settlement

Late Bronze Age societies in Lithuania were primarily tribal, consisting of small communities that were often organized into clans or larger tribal groups. These were largely agrarian communities, supplementing their diet with hunting, fishing, and gathering. Settlement patterns indicate that most communities were semi-nomadic, with structures ranging from fortified settlements to mere clusters of huts.

The dwellings were typically made of wood and other natural materials, which unfortunately do not preserve well archaeologically, leading to challenges in fully understanding their construction techniques. The structures were often built in strategic locations that offered natural defenses, such as near rivers or on elevated lands.

Economy and Trade

The economy during this period was predominantly based on agriculture and livestock. The introduction and development of metalworking, particularly bronze, marked significant advancements. While the region itself lacked domestic sources of copper and tin, archaeological evidence suggests active trade networks.

These trade networks connected the Baltic tribes to other European groups, facilitating the exchange of not only metals but also ideas, technology, and cultural practices. Baltic amber was a valuable natural resource that was traded extensively, reaching as far as the Mediterranean and the regions that are now modern-day Central and Southern Europe.

Religion and Spirituality

The religious beliefs of Late Bronze Age Lithuanians were deeply connected to nature and the environment. Archaeological finds indicate the presence of practices such as animism, where natural elements and animals were believed to possess spiritual significance. Rituals likely involved offerings to deities associated with nature or ancestral spirits, though much of this is speculative due to the absence of written records from this time.

Burial practices provide insights into their spiritual life. Barrow burials, consisting of mounds made of earth and rocks, were common. These burial mounds contained grave goods such as pottery, weapons, and ornaments, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife where such items would be needed.

Material Culture

The Late Bronze Age marked significant advancements in the material culture of Lithuania. Pottery from this period shows a high degree of skill, with well-crafted designs that later influenced the artistic traditions of the region. Pottery was commonly decorated with incised patterns, possibly serving both functional and ceremonial purposes.

Bronze tools and weapons such as axes, knives, and spearheads are frequently found in archaeological sites, indicating the development of specialized craftsmanship. These items not only reflect technological progress but also serve as indicators of social status within communities.

Conclusion

The Late Bronze Age in Lithuania was a formative period that laid the groundwork for the cultural and social developments that followed. While limited by the scarcity of written records, archaeological evidence paints a picture of a society that was deeply connected to its environment, engaged in extensive trade networks, and was advancing technologically and artistically. Understanding this era is crucial for comprehending the evolution of Baltic cultures and the eventual emergence of a uniquely Lithuanian identity in the pre-medieval period.

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RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
RISE598 Late Bronze Age Lithuania 906 BCE Turlojiske, Lithuania View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE598) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

European Hunter-Gatherers 40%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 37%
Neolithic Farmers 17%
Ancient Native Americans 6%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE598) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 80%
Eastern European 47%
Eastern European 47.3%
Northwestern European 33%
Scandinavian 15.9%
Northwestern European 10.0%
Finnish 7.2%
Asia 20%
Northern West Asian 18%
Mesopotamian 12.0%
Anatolian 6.1%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 1%
Arabian 1.3%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE598 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE598,0.1271766,0.11001248,0.06138346,0.04433784,0.04009986,0.00773006,0.00730722,0.01212156,0.00904162,-0.0019239,-0.00353058,-0.00221228,0.00956484,0.00931124,-0.01242788,0.00275974,0.00337826,-0.00136962,-0.00103894,-0.0031714,0.00163776,-0.00058628,-0.00105066,-0.00533288,-0.00098693
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
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