A man buried in Romania in the Neolithic era
The Starčevo-Criș Culture, a significant archaeological culture, flourished in the region of Southeast Europe during the early Neolithic period, roughly between 6200 and 5200 BCE. This culture is primarily associated with the early European farmers who settled in the areas along the rivers of the Balkans, stretching through modern-day Serbia, Hungary, and Romania. The name of the culture derives from two significant sites: Starčevo in Serbia and Criș (also spelled Körös) in Hungary and Romania.
Geographic Setting
The Grădinile site represents a specific location or characteristic settlement of the Starčevo-Criș Culture. The culture itself was mainly centered around river valleys and fertile plains, which offered ideal conditions for agriculture. These early farmers made substantial use of alluvial plains, typically near rivers like the Danube, to cultivate crops, giving them a stable food source, which facilitated settlement and growth.
Subsistence and Economy
The economy of the Starčevo-Criș Culture was largely agrarian, relying heavily on farming for subsistence. The inhabitants cultivated various crops, including emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley. Pulses such as lentils and peas were also commonly grown. This transition toward agriculture marked a significant shift from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle prevalent in Europe during earlier periods.
In addition to farming, the Starčevo-Criș people practiced animal husbandry, rearing domesticated animals like cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. These animals provided meat, milk, hides, and labor, contributing to the diversification of their diet and improving their ability to sustain larger, permanent settlements.
Settlements and Architecture
Settlements of the Starčevo-Criș Culture were typically small and consisted of semi-permanent to permanent habitations. The architecture of these settlements is characterized by simple pit dwellings and surface residences. Structures were often built from daub (a mixture of clay and straw) and wattle (woven wooden poles), with thatched roofs, reflecting the natural materials readily available.
These communities varied in size, with some larger settlements possibly serving as regional centers. The layout of these settlements suggests a degree of organization, with designated areas for living, working, and ceremonial purposes.
Material Culture and Technology
The material culture of the Starčevo-Criș people includes a rich array of pottery, tools, and ornaments. Their pottery is notable for being among the earliest examples of ceramic production in Europe. Characterized by simple geometric decorations and a buff or red color, the pottery pieces were often used for cooking, storage, and serving food.
Lithic technology included polished stone tools like axes and adzes, reflecting an advanced understanding of tool-making techniques. Such tools were essential for clearing land for agriculture and other domestic tasks.
Social Structure and Culture
The social structure of the Starčevo-Criș Culture is less well-documented, but evidence suggests a community-oriented lifestyle emphasizing cooperation in farming and construction. There is limited evidence of social stratification; it appears these societies operated on a relatively egalitarian basis compared to later periods.
Cultural practices likely involved religious or spiritual beliefs, as suggested by the presence of figurines and ritual objects. These artifacts indicate the possible worship of fertility deities or earth-related spiritual beliefs, common themes in Neolithic societies.
Legacy and Influence
The Starčevo-Criș Culture represents a crucial phase in the spread of agriculture in Europe. As one of the earliest farming communities, the techniques and traditions developed by the Starčevo-Criș people had a lasting impact on subsequent European cultures. The gradual adoption of agriculture allowed for more complex societal developments, including the rise of proto-urban centers and increased population densities.
In conclusion, the Starčevo-Criș Culture of Grădinile played a formative role in the establishment of agricultural practices in Neolithic Europe. Its innovations in farming, pottery, and settlement organization laid the groundwork for future cultural developments. Today, archaeological studies continue to uncover the intricacies of this culture, offering insights into the experience of early European farmers and the transformative era they embodied.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (buk003) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (buk003) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample buk003 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
buk003,0.10218908,0.1557178,0.00780726,-0.05355526,0.03922436,-0.0260366,-0.00346852,0.00277484,0.04029904,0.0465015,-0.00031426,0.00503448,-0.00601608,-0.00772188,-0.00618056,0.00738692,-0.00177138,0.0007545,0.00264302,0.00163258,0.0058289,0.00840182,-0.01162052,-0.0136885,0.00113232
Genetic continuity, isolation, and gene flow in Stone Age Central and Eastern Europe
The genomic landscape of Stone Age Europe was shaped by multiple migratory waves and population replacements, but different regions do not all show similar patterns. To refine our understanding of the population dynamics before and after the dawn of the Neolithic, we generated and analyzed genomic sequence data from human remains of 56 individuals from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Eneolithic across Central and Eastern Europe. We found that Mesolithic European populations formed a geographically widespread isolation-by-distance zone ranging from Central Europe to Siberia, which was already established 10,000 years ago. We found contrasting patterns of population continuity during the Neolithic transition: people around the lower Dnipro Valley region, Ukraine, showed continuity over 4000 years, from the Mesolithic to the end of the Neolithic, in contrast to almost all other parts of Europe where population turnover drove this cultural change, including vast areas of Central Europe and around the Danube River.