A man buried in Italy in the Pleistocene era
The Villabruna Hunter-Gatherers represent a significant Late Upper Paleolithic culture in Northern Italy, known for their presence during a transformative period in human prehistory. This era is noted for its contributions to understanding the genetic and cultural transition of European Paleolithic societies.
Temporal and Geographical Context: The Villabruna cluster dates to approximately 14,000-10,000 years ago, during the Late Glacial and the onset of the Holocene, a time when Europe was gradually emerging from the grip of the Last Glacial Maximum. This period is characterized by significant climatic fluctuations that profoundly impacted flora, fauna, and human societies. The Villabruna Hunter-Gatherers inhabited the region around present-day Northern Italy, an area that served as a refugium during the harshest glacial periods and later flourished as the ice sheets retreated.
Archaeological Evidence: Archaeological sites associated with the Villabruna culture include cave sites and open-air settlements. These sites provide a wealth of material culture, offering insights into the technologies, subsistence strategies, and social structures of these prehistoric people. Lithic assemblages from Villabruna sites typically feature sophisticated blade and bladelet technologies, indicating advancements in tool-making skills. These tools were used for hunting, processing animal hides, and creating clothing and other necessary items.
The presence of art and symbolic objects, such as decorated bone tools and portable art, suggests a complex cognitive and cultural life. These artifacts reflect a rich symbolic culture, indicating that the Villabruna people engaged in ritualistic or artistic expression, although the specific meanings remain open to interpretation.
Subsistence Strategies: As hunter-gatherers, the Villabruna people relied heavily on the rich environmental resources available to them. The retreat of glaciers led to the expansion of woodlands and open landscapes, which supported diverse fauna, including red deer, wild boar, and aurochs, as well as smaller game. The varied topography of Northern Italy also provided access to abundant plant resources. Evidence from isotopic analyses of human remains indicates a mixed diet that included both terrestrial and aquatic resources, reflecting an adaptable subsistence strategy.
Genetic and Anthropological Insights: The Villabruna group is particularly important in genetics for being part of the broader Villabruna cluster, which is a genetic lineage essential for understanding the prehistoric population dynamics of Europe. Analysis of ancient DNA from Villabruna individuals has revealed significant insights into the ancestry of modern Europeans. This group is considered part of a lineage that contributed to the genetic makeup of subsequent Mesolithic and Neolithic populations across Europe. Studies have shown that the Villabruna cluster introduced genetic traits that are still found in contemporary European populations, such as specific alleles associated with skin pigmentation.
Cultural and Social Aspects: Although direct evidence of social organization from the Villabruna period is scarce, the complexity of their material culture and long-distance exchange networks suggest a degree of social organization and interaction among groups. The trade of raw materials like flint and marine shells indicates established networks that may have facilitated cultural and genetic exchanges. This interaction could have played a role in the dissemination of technological innovations and cultural practices.
Legacy and Transition: The legacy of the Villabruna Hunter-Gatherers lies in their role during a pivotal era in prehistoric Europe. As the climate of the late Pleistocene shifted to the warmer Holocene, these hunter-gatherers adapted to changing environments, laying the groundwork for the Mesolithic societies that followed. Their genetic, cultural, and technological contributions have provided researchers with a clearer picture of the complex tapestry of prehistoric Europe.
In conclusion, the Villabruna Hunter-Gatherer culture embodies a period of transition and adaptation, marked by technological innovation, artistic endeavors, and significant contributions to the genetic landscape of Europe. Their story, pieced together through archaeological and genetic research, allows us to appreciate the resilience and ingenuity of our prehistoric ancestors during a time of profound environmental change.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Villabruna) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Villabruna) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample Villabruna are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
Villabruna,0.13658256,0.12613216,0.0680788,0.06244048,0.04106248,0.02852008,0.00553168,0.00989344,0.002886,-0.01435056,-0.0067524,0.00244304,0.00624464,0.00093664,0.00833736,0.00180528,-0.00649712,0.00011072,0.00042504,0.00065944,0.00507856,0.00149184,0.00131424,0.00779056,-0.00098878
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.