A woman buried in Italy in the Hunter-Gatherer era
The Ostuni 1 Hunter-Gatherer refers to a prehistoric individual whose remains were discovered in the region of Apulia in Southern Italy. This era, dating back to approximately 28,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic period, provides significant insights into the life and culture of the Mediterranean Hunter-Gatherers in this region. Ostuni 1 is particularly noteworthy due to its archaeological and anthropological significance, reflecting the broader trends and characteristics of human societies during this time.
Geographic and Environmental Context
The geographical area surrounding Ostuni is characterized by its Mediterranean climate, with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. During the Upper Paleolithic, Southern Italy's environment was markedly different from today, featuring a mix of grasslands, forests, and coastal ecosystems. This diverse landscape supported a variety of flora and fauna, which were crucial for the sustenance of the hunter-gatherer populations. The presence of caves and rock shelters in this region provided not only refuge from climatic elements but also served as sites for habitation and activities.
Subsistence Strategies
The Ostuni 1 individuals, like other Mediterranean hunter-gatherers, primarily relied on a subsistence strategy centered around hunting, gathering, and fishing. The diet would have been diverse, including terrestrial mammals such as deer and wild boar, small game, marine resources like fish and shellfish, and various plant materials, including fruits, nuts, and tubers. The strategic location by the coast would have facilitated access to both terrestrial and marine resources, offering a wide nutritional base which contributed to their sustenance and survival.
Material Culture
Tools and implements associated with the Ostuni 1 Hunter-Gatherer were typically made from stone, bone, and, occasionally, wood. Archaeological findings in the region often include lithic tools such as blades, scrapers, and burins, indicative of sophisticated tool-making techniques, and evidence of the ability to adapt tools for specific purposes such as hunting, processing food, and crafting. The presence of personal ornaments, like beads made from shells or animal teeth, suggests the development of social and cultural expressions, potentially linked to identity, status, or group affiliation.
Social Structure
Information about the social organization of the Ostuni 1 Hunter-Gatherers is derived primarily from burial practices and spatial distribution of artifacts. These early humans likely lived in small, mobile groups, commonly referred to as bands. Social structures would have been relatively egalitarian, with cooperation being key to survival. The burial of the Ostuni 1 individual is particularly significant; it likely held a ritualistic and symbolic importance, indicating complex social behaviors and beliefs regarding life, death, and possibly an afterlife.
Cultural and Symbolic Aspects
The symbolic aspects of the Ostuni 1 culture are illustrated through burial practices and the use of ornaments. The burial of a pregnant woman discovered at the site, interred with grave goods and personal adornments, points to the existence of ritualistic and possibly spiritual practices. Such artifacts suggest the presence of a symbolic culture where personal ornaments and burial rites conveyed social messages or beliefs. It is also indicative of a cognitive complexity that included an appreciation for art and symbolic communication.
Genetic Insights
Genetic analysis of the Ostuni 1 remains contributes to understanding the broader genetic landscape of the European hunter-gatherers. These populations were part of the initial wave of modern humans into Europe and are believed to have played a crucial role in the genetic makeup of subsequent populations. The genetic evidence illuminates patterns of migration, admixture, and adaptation, reflecting how these early humans thrived in various climatic and environmental settings.
Conclusion
The Ostuni 1 Hunter-Gatherer of Southern Italy represents a critical component of the Mediterranean Upper Paleolithic cultures. This era's archaeological and anthropological findings have greatly enhanced the understanding of early human life in prehistoric Europe. The knowledge gleaned from such discoveries underscores the complexity and adaptability of these hunter-gatherer communities and their significant contributions to the human story.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Ostuni1) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Ostuni1) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample Ostuni1 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
Ostuni1,0.0592005,0.0486321,0.01669036,0.05316444,0.03851864,-0.0027434,-0.00185396,-0.00043414,0.01693602,-0.0006139,-0.0083696,0.0032899,-0.00203296,0.00449092,0.00133818,0.00037468,-0.0017138,0.00011898,0.00154232,-0.00078178,0.00242642,0.0026311,1.732E-05,-0.00179726,0.0008206
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.