A man buried in Czech Republic in the Pleistocene era
The site of Dolní Věstonice, specifically Vestonice 13, is an extensively studied archaeological locality in the Czech Republic, significant for its insights into the European Paleolithic era. This site, dating back approximately 26,000 to 29,000 years, provides a unique glimpse into the lives of Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers and is most famous for its rich collection of artifacts, including thousands of stone tools, decorative objects, and evidence of early artistic expression. The Vestonice 13 discovery refers to burial finds and explores the cultural nuances of the Gravettian period.
Environment and Climate
During the time Vestonice 13 was inhabited, Europe was experiencing the last Ice Age, characterized by a cold and harsh climate. The region was predominantly tundra, with patches of forested areas, offering a home to numerous Ice Age fauna such as mammoths, reindeer, and horses. These environmental conditions shaped the survival strategies of the Gravettian communities, who relied heavily on hunting and foraging.
Cultural and Artistic Practices
Among the most remarkable finds at Dolní Věstonice are artistic artifacts that suggest symbolic and ritualistic behavior. The famed \Venus of Dolní Věstonice," a ceramic figurine, stands out as one of the oldest known examples of fired clay sculptures. These figurines, alongside numerous carved ivory pieces and perforated seashells used for decoration, imply a complex symbolism among these Paleolithic people, possibly related to fertility or spiritual beliefs.
Technological Innovation and Tools
The Gravettian toolkit associated with Vestonice 13 illustrates advanced technological capabilities of its inhabitants. They produced bladelets and microliths which were likely hafted onto wooden handles to create complex hunting weapons such as spears and arrows. The artistry seen in their tool production indicates both functional and aesthetic considerations.
Social Structure and Burial Practices
The burial site discovered at Vestonice 13 provides rich data on social structures and beliefs. The presence of grave goods, such as ochre and ornaments, suggests that these individuals had complex burial rites, possibly indicating beliefs in an afterlife. Burials also reveal information about health, diet, and the social status of individuals, inferred from the care or goods included within graves.
Economy and Subsistence
The inhabitants of the Vestonice 13 site engaged in a primarily hunting-based economy, as evidenced by the remains of large mammals found in and around settlement sites. They also foraged for plant resources, supplementing their diet. Evidence of large-scale mammoth hunting suggests a coordinated group activity, highlighting the complex social interactions necessary for survival in such a demanding environment.
Interregional Connections
Artifacts, like marine shells from distant regions, and stylistic similarities in artworks connect Vestonice 13 with broader Gravettian culture distributed across Europe. This indicates a network of exchange or interaction with distant groups, reflecting early forms of trade or mobility among Paleolithic communities.
Significance in Paleolithic Research
The Dolní Věstonice and in particular the Vestonice 13 site is pivotal in understanding the cultural and technological developments of the Upper Paleolithic. Its importance lies not only in the wealth of artifacts it has produced but also in what it tells us about early human behavior, artistic expression, and social organization. Insights gleaned from this site continue to enrich the broader narratives of human evolution, culture, and adaptation during the challenging climactic periods of the last Ice Age.
In conclusion, Vestonice 13 is more than just an archaeological site; it is a window into the lives, beliefs, and ingenuity of our Stone Age ancestors, revealing their resilience and capacity for symbolic thought and social complexity."
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Vestonice13) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Vestonice13) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample Vestonice13 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
Vestonice13,-0.01568676,0.07197776,-0.00829336,-0.0110621,0.02564394,-0.04778986,-0.00807846,0.0096751,0.01935444,0.00911854,0.0055336,-0.00681294,0.02256056,-0.00588938,0.00417906,0.00308466,-0.01758042,-0.00193952,-0.0058711,0.0053304,0.01246084,0.01002438,-0.01038102,0.00021962,-0.00439955
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.