A man buried in Germany in the Pleistocene era
The Hohle Fels site near Schelklingen in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany is one of the most significant archaeological sites for understanding the Aurignacian culture, which flourished during the Upper Paleolithic period approximately 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. This era is critical for studying the early human inhabitants of Europe, who are often associated with the early modern Homo sapiens migratory waves from Africa.
Geographic and Environmental Context:
Hohle Fels is a limestone cave situated in the Ach Valley, an area rich in karst formations with numerous other caves that have also yielded important Paleolithic finds. During the Aurignacian period, the environment of the Swabian Jura was likely characterized by diverse steppe and forest landscapes, rich in megafauna like mammoths, horses, and reindeer, which were crucial for the subsistence of the Paleolithic inhabitants.
Cultural and Technological Aspects:
Stone Tools: The Aurignacian culture is known for its sophisticated stone tool technology, which marks a significant advancement over previous tool-making techniques. Tools from Hohle Fels include bladelets, scrapers, burins, and points made from high-quality flint. The innovation of these tools demonstrates not only technical skill but also the cognitive developments of Homo sapiens.
Organic Materials: Besides stone, the Aurignacians also crafted tools and ornaments from organic materials like bone, ivory, and antler, showcasing adept craftsmanship. Notably, the presence of bone and ivory tools such as awls and figurines signifies advanced behavioral adaptations to environmental conditions.
Artistic Expressions: Hohle Fels is renowned for remarkable artistic finds, particularly the discovery of the \Venus of Hohle Fels," a small figurine dated to around 40,000 years ago. This piece is among the oldest known examples of figurative art, indicating symbolic thinking and perhaps spiritual or ritualistic practices.
Musical Instruments: Another extraordinary discovery at Hohle Fels is the presence of flutes, carved from bird bones and mammoth ivory. These musical instruments provide early evidence of the development of music, adding a profound dimension to our understanding of social and cultural practices.
Symbolism and Rituals: The artifacts suggest that Aurignacian societies engaged in symbolic behavior and rituals. The intricate craftsmanship of figurines, ornaments, and possibly musical instruments points toward a culture rich in ritualistic and artistic life, which may have reinforced group identities and social cohesion.
Subsistence Strategies:
The inhabitants of Hohle Fels likely relied on a mixed subsistence strategy that included hunting, gathering, and possibly fishing. The variety of faunal remains found at the site, which includes deer, mammoth, and small mammals, illustrates a broad-based diet, while the tools suggest hunting and processing capabilities.
Implications for Understanding Human Evolution:
The Aurignacian culture represented at Hohle Fels is critical for understanding the spread of modern humans into Europe and their interactions with the fading Neanderthal populations. The advancements in tool technology, art, and possibly social structure highlight significant cognitive and cultural developments and provide insights into the adaptation strategies of early Homo sapiens in diverse environments.
Conclusion:
Hohle Fels, with its wealth of archaeological materials, provides a window into the complex and dynamic world of the early Upper Paleolithic peoples. Its artifacts not only illustrate the technological and artistic capabilities of the Aurignacian culture but also hint at the beginnings of cultural expressions that define modern humanity. The site continues to be a focal point for research, offering valuable perspectives on the origins of art, music, and symbolic thought in human evolution."
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (HohleFels49) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (HohleFels49) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample HohleFels49 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
HohleFels49,0.04734756,0.05240212,0.01856584,0.05692848,0.03403108,0.00658552,-0.0006898,0.00287904,0.01449918,-0.01049554,-0.00827198,0.00549404,-0.00614042,-0.00524762,0.01279728,-0.00384602,-0.00799356,0.00094986,0.0010226,-0.00273414,0.003579,0.00359228,-0.00132402,0.00900694,0.00014076
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.