A woman buried in Spain in the Pleistocene era
El Mirón Cave, located in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain, offers a fascinating glimpse into the life and culture of Paleolithic peoples. This site is particularly notable for its association with both the Upper Paleolithic and the early Mesolithic periods, spanning a time frame of roughly 41,000 to 9,000 years ago. The cave gained considerable attention due to its rich archaeological deposits and the discovery of the so-called \Red Lady of El Mirón," a human burial that provides critical insights into Magdalenian burial practices.
Archaeological Significance
Discovery and Excavations: El Mirón Cave has been systematically excavated since the 1990s, revealing a well-stratified sequence of human occupation layers. These layers have yielded a wealth of artifacts, including stone tools, ornaments, and art, which collectively illuminate various aspects of Paleolithic life.
Periods of Occupation: The site is primarily recognized for its Magdalenian period occupation, approximately 17,000 to 11,000 years ago. However, evidence indicates earlier Aurignacian and Gravettian settlements, and later Azilian ones as well, making it a continuous archaeological record of changing human adaptations and cultural practices over thousands of years.
The Red Lady of El Mirón: One of the most significant discoveries at El Mirón is the burial known as the "Red Lady," dated to about 18,700 years ago. The presence of ochre staining on the bones signifies ritualistic practices, reflecting the symbolic and cultural beliefs of the Magdalenian people. The burial site also contained a variety of grave goods, including fragmented tools, further underscoring the importance of this interment.
Cultural and Artistic Aspects
Material Culture: The extensive stone and bone tool assemblages found at El Mirón offer insights into the technological advances of its inhabitants. These include blades, scrapers, and points crafted from local flint, as well as bone implements that suggest a sophisticated understanding of available materials.
Artistic Expressions: El Mirón Cave features engravings and painted figures, including depictions of animals and abstract symbols that are indicative of Magdalenian artistic expression. Such artwork points to a cognitive complexity and a shared cultural heritage that likely had spiritual or communal significance.
Subsistence and Adaptation: Analysis of faunal remains indicates a broad diet based on hunting and gathering, with species such as red deer, ibex, and fish being prominent. This diverse subsistence strategy was well-suited to the changing climate conditions during the Late Pleistocene and underscores the adaptive capabilities of these Paleolithic communities.
Environmental Context
El Mirón Cave's location in the Cantabrian Mountains placed it in a strategic position for access to a variety of ecological zones. This provided its inhabitants with diverse resources for food, raw materials, and shelter. The surrounding environment also experienced several climatic fluctuations during the Paleolithic, which would have influenced human occupation patterns and subsistence strategies.
Societal and Ritualistic Life
Community and Social Structure: Although direct evidence of social organization is sparse, the varied artifact assemblages and the complexity of site use suggest structured and cooperative social groups. The burial of the "Red Lady" points to social stratification or the presence of revered individuals within the group.
Rituals and Beliefs: The decorative elements and the use of ochre in burials at El Mirón suggest the presence of ritualistic practices and possibly a belief system associated with death and the afterlife. Such practices imply a cultural depth that extends beyond mere survival.
Conclusion
El Mirón Cave is an indispensable archaeological site that provides a window into the lives of Paleolithic humans in northern Spain. Through its detailed stratigraphy and rich array of artifacts, the cave offers critical insights into the technological, artistic, and social practices of its ancient inhabitants. The discoveries within El Mirón continue to enrich our understanding of human history and cultural evolution during the Paleolithic era, making it a site of profound historical and archaeological importance."
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ElMiron) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ElMiron) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample ElMiron are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
ElMiron,0.08452762,0.07502202,0.04643832,0.05210418,0.05027874,0.0123943,-0.00203744,0.00524292,0.00261004,-0.0039589,-0.00264708,0.00275164,0.00364394,0.00698344,0.00404006,0.002589,-0.00694214,-0.00061268,0.00155348,0.00050298,0.00328768,0.00038268,0.00062974,-0.00079696,-0.00134377
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.