A man buried in Italy in the Hunter-Gatherer era
Paglicci 133 refers to a specific archaeological find associated with the Paleolithic era, discovered in the Paglicci Cave located in southern Italy. The cave has been a rich source of information on the Upper Paleolithic period, which spans from approximately 50,000 to 10,000 years ago. The finds from Paglicci Cave provide crucial insights into the life of hunter-gatherers in southern Italy during this time.
Geographical Context
Paglicci Cave is situated in the Apulia region of southern Italy. This area is characterized by its limestone geology, which has resulted in the formation of numerous caves. The cave itself is set in a landscape that would have been shaped by glacial and interglacial cycles, providing a varied environment that included forests, open grasslands, and coastal areas. Such diversity would have offered a wide range of resources for hunter-gatherer populations.
Temporal Context
The Paglicci Cave has yielded artifacts from various periods of the Upper Paleolithic, particularly the Gravettian (approximately 33,000 to 21,000 years ago) and the Epigravettian (approximately 21,000 to 10,000 years ago) phases. These phases are distinguished by specific technological and cultural developments in stone tools, art, and habitation practices.
Culture and Lifestyle
The Paglicci 133 find is representative of a broader hunter-gatherer culture characterized by:
Subsistence Strategies:
- People in this era were primarily hunter-gatherers, relying on hunting, fishing, and foraging for sustenance.
- Faunal remains from the cave indicate the hunting of large game such as red deer, horses, and possibly smaller mammals and birds. Fishing and gathering of plant materials would also have been essential, though direct evidence of these activities is less well-preserved.
Tool Technology:
- The Gravettian and Epigravettian cultures are known for their distinctive stone tool technologies, including finely worked bladelets, burins, and scrapers.
- Bone and antler tools were also present, sometimes used for creating more intricate tools or weapons.
Art and Symbolism:
- The cave contains evidence of prehistoric art, such as wall paintings and portable art objects, signaling a rich symbolic life. The art predominantly features animal figures and geometric patterns, possibly reflecting hunting rituals or storytelling traditions.
Habitation and Social Organization:
- Excavations have revealed hearths and spatial arrangements suggesting temporary campsites used on a seasonal basis.
- The presence of art and burial practices indicates a complex social structure with shared beliefs and community practices.
Genetic and Anthropological Insights:
- Analyses of skeletal remains like Paglicci 133 have provided insights into the genetics, health, and diet of these ancient populations. Studies have revealed genetic markers that link these hunter-gatherer groups to other European populations and highlight the migration patterns during the Paleolithic.
Environmental and Climatic Challenges
The era represented by Paglicci 133 was marked by significant environmental changes. During the Upper Paleolithic, Europe experienced oscillating climatic conditions, including the Last Glacial Maximum. Such changes would have required adaptability from human groups, influencing their migration patterns, subsistence strategies, and technological innovations.
Legacy and Importance
The findings at Paglicci Cave, particularly Paglicci 133, contribute significantly to our understanding of human prehistory in Europe. They help reconstruct the cultural, technological, and environmental contexts of early modern human societies, showcasing their adaptability and creativity in a changing world.
Overall, Paglicci 133 offers a window into the rich tapestry of human life during the Upper Paleolithic in southern Europe. It underscores the resilience and ingenuity of hunter-gatherer communities navigating a landscape of challenges and opportunities.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Paglicci133) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Paglicci133) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample Paglicci133 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
Paglicci133,0.02844178,0.07131052,0.04027656,0.02208748,0.0285517,0.0011368,-0.00043698,0.0080671,0.0274115,-0.00218494,-0.00706986,0.00398736,-0.00594484,-0.00365238,0.01772372,-8.18E-05,-0.00621418,0.00235954,0.00202692,0.00179352,0.0042736,-0.00011848,0.00159512,0.00344822,0.00398636
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.