A man buried in France in the Mesolithic era
Berry-au-Bac is an archaeological site in France that offers vital insights into the Western European hunter-gatherer societies during the Mesolithic period. This era, roughly spanning from 10,000 to 5,000 BCE, marked a transformative period in prehistory as it followed the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and preceded the advent of agriculture and the Neolithic lifestyle.
Environment and Geography
During the Mesolithic, the geographical landscape of Western Europe, including regions like Berry-au-Bac, was experiencing significant climatic changes. The receding ice sheets resulted in rising temperatures, leading to the spread of deciduous forests across the region. These forests were rich in biodiversity, offering abundant resources for hunter-gatherer communities. The site’s proximity to water sources and its location within a fertile environment made it an ideal setting for Mesolithic habitation.
Economy and Subsistence
The Western European hunter-gatherers, including those around Berry-au-Bac, adapted well to their changing world. They developed a subsistence economy based on a mix of hunting, fishing, and foraging. The dense forests provided game such as deer, boar, and small mammals, while rivers were teeming with fish and other aquatic resources. Foraging for nuts, berries, and edible plants complemented their diet, reflecting a broad-spectrum economy.
Technology and Tools
During this era, there was significant advancement in tool technology, primarily characterized by the widespread use of microliths. These small, often geometric flint tools were crucial components of composite tools, including spears, arrows, and knives. The Berry-au-Bac site has revealed various stone artifacts indicating the sophisticated craftsmanship of its inhabitants. The production of tools was central to daily life, aiding in hunting, food processing, and other essential activities.
Social Structure and Settlement
Mesolithic societies were typically small, mobile groups, although the landscape's richness allowed for more extended, seasonal occupations in areas like Berry-au-Bac. Social organization was likely based on kinship, with roles within groups defined by age and gender. While evidence of permanent structures is scarce, temporary shelters such as huts made of organic materials were likely used. The mobility of these communities was key, enabling them to exploit different environmental niches throughout the year.
Cultural and Spiritual Life
While direct evidence of spiritual beliefs in Mesolithic Western Europe is limited, the art and burial practices provide some insights. The decoration of tools and the presence of personal ornaments, such as beads, suggest an aesthetic sense and possibly symbolic meanings. Burials, when found, often include grave goods, indicating ritualistic practices or beliefs in an afterlife. The social and ceremonial life was likely closely tied to the natural world, reflecting a deep connection with their environment.
Conclusion
The Berry-au-Bac site embodies the adaptability and resilience of Western European hunter-gatherers during the Mesolithic. This period was marked by innovation and an intimate understanding of the natural world, as communities navigated the transition from glacial to post-glacial environments. The archaeological findings at Berry-au-Bac continue to enrich our understanding of these early societies, offering a glimpse into a way of life that laid the groundwork for subsequent cultural developments in Europe.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (BerryAuBac) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (BerryAuBac) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample BerryAuBac are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
BerryAuBac,0.136088,0.12478194,0.07730158,0.07390442,0.04314542,0.03042612,0.01086568,0.01447564,0.0002601,-0.02588616,-0.0085206,-0.00776662,0.01951032,0.02777438,-0.00872324,0.00532286,-0.00012688,-0.00019678,0.00548496,0.00204792,0.00013412,-0.00337444,0.01052718,-0.00255566,-0.00187691
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.