A man buried in Germany in the Pleistocene era
The Hohle Fels 79 site in Germany represents a significant location within the context of the Aurignacian culture, a period of the Upper Paleolithic era characterized by a notable flourishing of human creativity, technological innovation, and cultural development. The site is located in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany, a region renowned for its rich limestone caves which have preserved some of the earliest and most remarkable examples of human artistic expression and habitation in Europe.
Aurignacian Context
The Aurignacian period spans from approximately 43,000 to 26,000 years ago, marking one of the first major expansions of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) into Europe. This era is noted for the development of new tools and cultural practices that distinguish it from the preceding Mousterian culture primarily associated with Neanderthals.
Archaeological Significance
Technological Advances: The Hohle Fels 79 site, like other Aurignacian sites, is characterized by its sophisticated stone and organic toolkits. Tools typical of the Aurignacian culture include blades, bladelets, end scrapers, burins, and notably, the early development of composite tools and bone and antler implements. These tools reflect advanced knapping techniques and an increased diversity of tool types, which imply a broader range of activities and specialization.
Artistic Endeavors: Hohle Fels is perhaps most famous for its contributions to prehistoric art and symbolism. The site has yielded several significant artifacts, including figurative art pieces such as the \Venus of Hohle Fels," a small ivory figurine representing a female form which is one of the earliest known examples of figurative art. Additionally, the site has produced other works of portable art and likely musical instruments, such as a bone flute, suggesting a developed sense of music and social interaction.
Symbolic and Spiritual Aspect: The artworks and symbolic objects discovered at Hohle Fels suggest complex cognitive capabilities and possibly spiritual or ritualistic activities. This evolution in cognitive and symbolic behavior is critical in understanding the cultural progression of early humans.
Environmental and Social Context
Environment: During the Aurignacian, Europe experienced fluctuating climates, with the Swabian Jura region involving a mixture of open steppe and forested environments. These ecotones provided diverse resources that early humans exploited, ranging from megafauna like mammoths and horses to smaller game and plant materials.
Social Organization: The material culture at Hohle Fels indicates a well-structured social organization. The craftsmanship of tools and art pieces implies a network of shared knowledge and cultural practices likely facilitated by social structures capable of maintaining complex traditions over generations.
Migration and Interaction: The Aurignacian period is characterized by significant migration and interaction across Europe. The presence of similar art styles and technologies at distant sites indicates extensive communication and cultural exchange. Hohle Fels would have been part of a larger network of Aurignacian communities dispersed over vast areas.
Preservation and Research
Hohle Fels Cave is still an active site for archaeological research, continuously providing insights into the lives of Upper Paleolithic humans. The findings at Hohle Fels have been crucial in reshaping our understanding of the cognitive and cultural development of early Homo sapiens in Europe.
In summary, the Hohle Fels 79 site encapsulates the essence of the Aurignacian culture's innovative spirit, emphasizing the creative and adaptive strategies that early humans employed to inhabit and thrive in prehistoric Europe."
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (HohleFels79) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (HohleFels79) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample HohleFels79 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
HohleFels79,0.06162242,0.07951666,0.00503922,0.01556476,0.04525188,-0.03602824,-0.01615208,-0.01520186,0.03373074,0.03634532,-0.00643488,0.01046254,-0.01965776,-0.00563176,0.0016564,-0.00108088,-0.00077228,0.00061876,-0.00103672,-0.0033542,0.00312324,0.0060458,-0.00922414,-0.01238546,0.00223712
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.