A woman buried in Italy in the Hunter-Gatherer era
The Paglicci 108 Hunter-Gatherer refers to an ancient individual or group of individuals associated with the Paglicci Cave site in Southern Italy, dating back to the Upper Paleolithic era. This period is characterized by the presence and activities of hunter-gatherers who inhabited Europe approximately 50,000 to 10,000 years ago. Here's an extensive look into this era and culture, particularly as it relates to the Paglicci site and the broader context of Southern Italy:
Geographic and Environmental Context
Paglicci Cave is located in the Gargano Peninsula in Puglia, Southern Italy. This region, during the Upper Paleolithic period, would have been significantly different from today, with a cooler and more varied climate due to the tail end of the Pleistocene ice ages. The landscape was a mix of forests, grasslands, and coastal areas, providing a rich mosaic of resources for human populations.
The Upper Paleolithic Era
The Upper Paleolithic represents a time of significant technological and cultural development among prehistoric human societies. It is marked by the proliferation of new stone tool technologies, complex social structures, art, and symbolic expression. In Europe, this era witnessed the widespread presence and eventual dominance of Homo sapiens, who were gradually replacing Neanderthals.
Archaeological Significance of Paglicci Cave
Paglicci Cave is an essential archaeological site for understanding the Paleolithic in Europe. It has yielded a rich assemblage of artifacts, including tools, art, and human remains, providing a detailed record of human activity over thousands of years.
Tool Technology: The people of Paglicci 108 utilized diverse toolkits typical of the Gravettian culture, which is broadly characterized by its use of small, pointed blades and backed tools. The presence of projectile points suggests advanced hunting techniques, possibly involving bows and arrows or spearthrowers.
Diet and Subsistence: As hunter-gatherers, the inhabitants of Paglicci 108 would have relied heavily on hunting terrestrial mammals such as deer, ibex, and wild boar, and possibly smaller game and birds. The proximity to coastal areas may have also provided access to marine resources. Plant gathering was likely seasonal, focusing on nuts, fruits, and tubers.
Art and Symbolism: Paglicci Cave is particularly noted for its evidence of Upper Paleolithic art. The cave paintings and engravings found here include representations of animals and abstract symbols, reflecting a capacity for symbolic thought and possibly hints of early spiritual or ritual practices.
Social Structure: The small, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers living during this period likely organized themselves around kinship groups. These groups were flexible, with social structures revolving around cooperation in hunting, gathering, and sharing resources. The burial practices, albeit sparse, suggest some form of ritualistic behavior and social stratification.
Genetic Insights: Recent advancements in ancient DNA analysis from skeletal remains such as those found at Paglicci Cave have shed light on the genetic makeup of European hunter-gatherers. They show a continuity in genetic lines that would have contributed to later European populations, and interactions with Neolithic farmers who entered Europe millennia later.
Cultural and Technological Achievements
The peoples of this time developed complex lithic (stone) technologies and are also known for extensive networks of trade or exchange, evidenced by the presence of non-local materials like obsidian and marine shells. There is also evidence for the use of body adornments and personal ornaments, indicating a rich cultural life.
Conclusion
The Paglicci 108 Hunter-Gatherers of Southern Italy exemplify the adaptive strategies and cultural complexity of Upper Paleolithic societies. They mastered their environments, developed intricate social systems, and laid down an enduring legacy visible through the archaeological and genetic records. As such, the Paglicci site is a pivotal piece of the puzzle in understanding the behaviors, migrations, and interactions of early modern humans in Europe, offering insights into the ancestry and cultural evolution of later populations.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Paglicci108) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Paglicci108) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample Paglicci108 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
Paglicci108,0.07533336,0.02565636,0.07599418,0.0422553,0.00692794,0.00425634,0.01341648,0.01332878,0.01547998,-0.01721152,0.00359924,-0.00165638,0.0070569,0.01336622,-0.00450492,-0.00075184,0.00348416,0.00474474,0.00859396,0.00306422,0.01043078,-0.00976916,0.00607214,0.00197528,0.00288251
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.