A woman buried in Romania in the Pleistocene era
The Peștera Muierii site, located in Romania, provides invaluable insights into the European Upper Paleolithic period, specifically concerning the Gravettian culture, which spanned approximately 30,000 to 20,000 years ago. This era represents a significant phase in human prehistory characterized by advanced tool-making techniques, artistic expression, and the establishment of complex social structures.
Geography and Location:
Peștera Muierii, which translates to \The Women's Cave," is situated in the Carpathian Mountains, in the southwestern part of Romania. This region is characterized by its limestone karst formations, providing natural shelters that were attractive to prehistoric peoples. The cave's position along Vâlcea County offers a strategic advantage, with access to diverse ecosystems that would have been rich in resources for hunting and gathering.
Archaeological Significance:
The site is renowned for its well-preserved human remains and a variety of artefacts that have been uncovered, offering a window into the life and culture of the Gravettian people. Archaeological excavations have revealed human bones, suggesting early evidence of modern Homo sapiens in the region. These remains have been crucial in in-depth studies of human physiology and genetic ancestry, contributing to the understanding of European population dynamics during the Upper Paleolithic.
Material Culture:
The Gravettian culture, as evidenced by the findings at Peștera Muierii, was marked by the creation of sophisticated stone tools, including blades, scrapers, and points. What sets this culture apart is the appearance of personal adornments such as beads and pendants, reflecting a sense of identity and social complexity. Additionally, the site has yielded bone tools and ornaments, indicative of skilled craftsmanship and artistic expression.
Societal Insights:
The human remains at Peștera Muierii offer fascinating insights into the skeletal morphology and health of Upper Paleolithic populations. Studies suggest that these early humans had a robust physique, adapted to the harsh climatic conditions of the era. There is also evidence of social structures, likely organized around kinship groups or clans, suggesting a degree of communal living and cooperation necessary for survival in the challenging environment.
Subsistence and Economy:
The inhabitants of Peștera Muierii thrived as hunter-gatherers, exploiting the rich faunal diversity of the Carpathians. They likely hunted large game such as mammoths and reindeer, as well as smaller animals, complemented by foraging for edible plants. The strategic location of the cave offered a seasonal advantage, allowing the inhabitants to exploit different resources at different times of the year.
Ritual and Symbolism:
While direct evidence of ritual activities at Peștera Muierii is sparse, the presence of adorned human remains and personal items suggest a culture imbued with symbolic thought. The possibility of burial rites hints at beliefs in an afterlife or a spiritual dimension to life and death, a characteristic of modern human cognition.
Conclusion:
The Peștera Muierii site in Romania is a crucial archaeological location for understanding the complexity of the European Upper Paleolithic. It encapsulates a period marked by innovation and adaptation, where early modern humans demonstrated remarkable resilience and creativity in their tool-making, social structures, and cultural expressions. The findings from this site continue to enrich our understanding of prehistoric Europe and the evolution of human societies."
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Muierii2) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Muierii2) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample Muierii2 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
Muierii2,0.05472878,0.05266342,-0.00511936,0.04099512,0.03535954,-0.01021446,-0.00943614,0.00043342,0.01829044,0.00434396,-0.00033058,0.00185136,0.0034259,-0.00566312,0.00822716,-0.00092906,-0.00325056,-0.00353818,-0.0066652,0.00238158,0.00109436,-0.00211192,0.00287002,0.0054526,-3.566E-05
The genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.