A woman buried in Spain in the Middle Bronze Age era
The Middle Bronze Age in Formentera, Spain, is a fascinating period that provides insight into the culture and lifestyles of the inhabitants of the western Mediterranean. Formentera, the smallest of the Balearic Islands, holds unique archaeological and cultural significance, with the Middle Bronze Age marking a transformative era in its development.
Geographical Context
Formentera is located in the Balearic archipelago, near the larger island of Ibiza. Its geographical position in the western Mediterranean has always been significant for maritime routes, enabling interactions with various cultures. The island’s landscape, characterized by its flat terrain, sandy beaches, and rocky outcrops, influenced settlement patterns and resource availability.
Settlement and Architecture
During the Middle Bronze Age, settlements in Formentera were typically small, with communities composed of closely-knit family groups. The population likely lived in circular or oval-shaped huts constructed from local materials, such as stone, mud, and plant matter. The architecture reflected practical concerns of stability against the island’s winds and heat management.
Archaeological evidence suggests that settlement locations were strategically chosen to provide access to fresh water sources, arable land, and fishing areas. Some sites might have been fortified, reflecting the presence of social tensions or the need for defense against external threats.
Economy and Subsistence
The economy of Middle Bronze Age Formentera was primarily subsistence-based. Agriculture formed the backbone of the economy, with the cultivation of cereals like barley and wheat, as well as legumes. The island's soil and climate also supported the growth of olives and grapes, which might have been used for oil and wine production.
Animal husbandry was a significant aspect of daily life, with evidence of domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, and pigs. These animals provided meat, milk, and wool. Fishing and shellfish gathering were also crucial, given the island's rich maritime resources.
Trade played a role in the island’s economy, facilitated by Formentera's strategic position. The exchange of goods with neighboring islands and mainland cultures included metal objects, pottery, and textiles.
Sociopolitical Structure
Though specific details about the sociopolitical organization in Formentera during the Middle Bronze Age are limited, it is likely that communities were organized in a hierarchical fashion. Leadership roles may have emerged based on control over resources, trade connections, or spiritual status.
Hierarchy could have been reflected in burial practices, with more elaborate grave goods being associated with individuals of higher status. Communal decision-making would have been vital, given the need for coordinated agricultural activities and defense.
Religion and Rituals
Religious beliefs during the Middle Bronze Age in Formentera were likely animistic, with a focus on natural elements like the sea, sun, and land. Evidence of ritual practices might include ceremonial structures or artifacts, although specific archaeological evidence is limited.
Burial sites can provide crucial insights into the ritualistic aspects of the culture. Grave goods and burial orientations reveal beliefs in an afterlife and the community's reverence for their ancestors. Funerary practices might have included cremation or inhumation, with the dead being buried along with items meant to accompany them in the afterlife.
Art and Artifacts
Artifacts from this period in Formentera include pottery, tools, and personal adornments. Pottery styles can reveal influences from other Mediterranean cultures, indicating trade and cultural exchange. Tools made of stone, bone, and metal were used for agricultural pursuits, domestic tasks, and possibly in warfare or hunting.
Personal adornments such as beads, pendants, and decorated pottery suggest a culture that valued aesthetic expression and possibly social status indicators.
Conclusion
The Middle Bronze Age in Formentera reflects a period of complex social, economic, and cultural development. Its unique location in the western Mediterranean facilitated cultural exchanges and shaped a distinct island culture. Through the analysis of settlement patterns, economy, social structures, and artifacts, we gain a deep understanding of the resilient communities that inhabited Formentera during this dynamic era.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4420) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4420) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample I4420 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
I4420,0.12089506,0.153829,0.04568492,0.00018272,0.05498506,-0.00505532,-0.00084524,0.0060408,0.0293989,0.04432776,-0.00841084,0.01330466,-0.02297524,-0.00937616,0.00790772,0.00021998,-0.01139994,-0.00182808,-0.00137202,-0.00187548,0.00599026,0.00613056,-0.01125268,-0.01186948,0.00275436
The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean
Steppe-pastoralist-related ancestry reached Central Europe by at least 2500 BC, whereas Iranian farmer-related ancestry was present in Aegean Europe by at least 1900 BC. However, the spread of these ancestries into the western Mediterranean, where they have contributed to many populations that live today, remains poorly understood. Here, we generated genome-wide ancient-DNA data from the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia, increasing the number of individuals with reported data from 5 to 66. The oldest individual from the Balearic Islands (~2400 BC) carried ancestry from steppe pastoralists that probably derived from west-to-east migration from Iberia, although two later Balearic individuals had less ancestry from steppe pastoralists. In Sicily, steppe pastoralist ancestry arrived by ~2200 BC, in part from Iberia; Iranian-related ancestry arrived by the mid-second millennium BC, contemporary to its previously documented spread to the Aegean; and there was large-scale population replacement after the Bronze Age. In Sardinia, nearly all ancestry derived from the island's early farmers until the first millennium BC, with the exception of an outlier from the third millennium BC, who had primarily North African ancestry and who-along with an approximately contemporary Iberian-documents widespread Africa-to-Europe gene flow in the Chalcolithic. Major immigration into Sardinia began in the first millennium BC and, at present, no more than 56-62% of Sardinian ancestry is from its first farmers. This value is lower than previous estimates, highlighting that Sardinia, similar to every other region in Europe, has been a stage for major movement and mixtures of people.