A man buried in Italy in the Early Bronze Age era
The Early Bronze Age (EBA) in Sardinia, Italy, is a fascinating period marked by significant developments in social, cultural, and technological domains. This era roughly spans from 2300 to 1600 BCE, and it represents a transitional phase from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods to the more complex societal structures seen in the later Nuragic civilization.
Geographical and Environmental Context
Sardinia, the second-largest island in the Mediterranean, is characterized by its diverse geography, featuring mountain ranges, rolling hills, fertile plains, and a long, rugged coastline. During the Early Bronze Age, these features significantly influenced the lifestyle and settlement patterns of its inhabitants. The island's central position in the Mediterranean also made it a crucial nexus for maritime trade and cultural exchange.
Societal and Cultural Developments
1. Settlements and Architecture:
During the EBA, Sardinian communities began establishing more permanent settlements, typically in elevated areas which offered natural defense and extensive views over the surrounding landscape. The architecture of this period began to exhibit more complexity, with constructions made from stone and wood. Villages consisted of circular or oval huts with stone foundations and thatched roofs, often organized around a central communal area.
2. Social Structure:
The societies during this time were likely organized in relatively egalitarian tribal structures, with little evidence of concentrated power or elite ruling classes. However, emerging leaders or chieftains may have existed to mediate disputes and organize collective activities, especially in larger communities.
Economic and Technological Aspects
1. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry:
The Early Bronze Age saw advancements in agricultural practices, with communities cultivating cereals, legumes, and vines. The Sardinians also practiced animal husbandry, raising sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle, which provided meat, milk, wool, and leather. The surplus production could have facilitated trade with neighboring regions.
2. Metallurgy:
The period is marked by the innovation and spread of metallurgy. Sardinians started working with copper to create tools, weapons, and adornments, which marked a significant technological shift from the stone tools of earlier periods. Evidence suggests that Sardinia may have been involved in extensive trade networks, exchanging metals and crafted items with other Mediterranean cultures.
Burial Practices and Rituals
Burial practices in Early Bronze Age Sardinia show a combination of individual and collective interments. Tomb structures evolved, with megalithic elements increasingly incorporated into the graves, indicating beliefs in an afterlife. The presence of grave goods, such as pottery, tools, and personal ornaments, points to ritualistic elements in funerary practices and possibly beliefs in a continuation of life after death.
Art and Symbolism
Sardinian communities expressed their cultural identity through various forms of art and symbolism. Pottery from this era, often undecorated or with simple incised patterns, displays functional design as well as aesthetic considerations. Stone sculptures and carved standing stones (known as menhirs) suggest spiritual or ritualistic significance, possibly representing deities, ancestors, or territorial markers.
Interaction with Other Cultures
Sardinia's strategic location facilitated interaction with other contemporary Mediterranean cultures, such as those in the Italian Peninsula, the Aegean, and North Africa. These interactions likely involved trade, but also the exchange of ideas and technologies. The introduction and adaptation of metallurgy, for example, could have been a result of such contacts.
Conclusion
The Early Bronze Age in Sardinia was a period of profound change and development. It set the stage for the emergence of more complex societal structures and the island’s subsequent cultural evolution. While relatively isolated by its geography, Sardinia was more interconnected with the broader Mediterranean world than might be presumed, engaging in trade and cultural exchanges that contributed to its unique cultural trajectory. The foundations laid during this era would influence Sardinia’s later civilizations, especially the iconic Nuragic culture that dominated the island in subsequent millennia.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3743) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3743) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample I3743 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
I3743,0.1197654,0.16156758,0.02351832,-0.04445758,0.05808026,-0.02213438,-0.00228954,0.00555752,0.0396694,0.0719461,-0.00378536,0.01495128,-0.0266201,-0.01481112,-0.01156918,0.00491962,0.01416614,-0.00010974,-0.00046974,-0.00412032,-0.00052808,0.00433098,-0.0123397,-0.0196628,0.00436725
The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean
Steppe-pastoralist-related ancestry reached Central Europe by at least 2500 BC, whereas Iranian farmer-related ancestry was present in Aegean Europe by at least 1900 BC. However, the spread of these ancestries into the western Mediterranean, where they have contributed to many populations that live today, remains poorly understood. Here, we generated genome-wide ancient-DNA data from the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia, increasing the number of individuals with reported data from 5 to 66. The oldest individual from the Balearic Islands (~2400 BC) carried ancestry from steppe pastoralists that probably derived from west-to-east migration from Iberia, although two later Balearic individuals had less ancestry from steppe pastoralists. In Sicily, steppe pastoralist ancestry arrived by ~2200 BC, in part from Iberia; Iranian-related ancestry arrived by the mid-second millennium BC, contemporary to its previously documented spread to the Aegean; and there was large-scale population replacement after the Bronze Age. In Sardinia, nearly all ancestry derived from the island's early farmers until the first millennium BC, with the exception of an outlier from the third millennium BC, who had primarily North African ancestry and who-along with an approximately contemporary Iberian-documents widespread Africa-to-Europe gene flow in the Chalcolithic. Major immigration into Sardinia began in the first millennium BC and, at present, no more than 56-62% of Sardinian ancestry is from its first farmers. This value is lower than previous estimates, highlighting that Sardinia, similar to every other region in Europe, has been a stage for major movement and mixtures of people.