A woman buried in Italy in the Middle Bronze Age era
The Middle Bronze Age in Sicily, which spans roughly from 1700 to 1400 BCE, marks a significant period characterized by cultural transformations and advancements within the island's prehistoric societies. This era falls within the broader context of the Ancient Mediterranean civilizations and is situated between the earlier Early Bronze Age and the subsequent Late Bronze Age.
Geographic Context
Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, has long served as a crossroads of cultures due to its strategic position. During the Middle Bronze Age, its geographic orientation facilitated trade and cultural exchanges with mainland Italy, the Aegean, and the broader Mediterranean region. Its varied landscape, ranging from fertile plains to rugged mountains, influenced the distribution of settlements and the lifestyle of its inhabitants.
Cultural and Societal Developments
Societal Structure
During the Middle Bronze Age, Sicilian societies were primarily composed of small, village-based communities, with evidence suggesting a degree of social stratification emerging at this time. The social hierarchy is inferred from the disparity in grave goods and the structuring of habitable spaces. Some evidence points to the presence of proto-urban centers, a shift from more dispersed rural settlements to concentrated habitations, indicating increased social complexity.
Architectural Advances
The era witnessed notable advancements in architecture, with the construction of well-organized settlements. These settlements often featured circular or oval huts made from stone and clay, indicating a level of permanence and investment in communal life. The architecture also suggests a blend of influences from neighboring regions, evidenced by the style and technique of construction that parallels other Mediterranean cultures.
Economic Activities
The economy of Middle Bronze Age Sicily was primarily agrarian, with agriculture being the backbone of local economies. There was a significant increase in the cultivation of cereals, legumes, and horticultural products. Animal husbandry, particularly of sheep, goats, and cattle, was prevalent and supplemented the agricultural base. The period also saw advancements in tool-making, particularly those associated with farming and domestic chores, reflecting a society increasingly adept in such practices.
Trade and Exchange
Trade was a crucial aspect of Middle Bronze Age Sicilian life, with the island being part of extensive trading networks that spanned the Mediterranean. Evidence suggests exchanges with the Aegean civilizations, as well as with peoples of the Italian mainland. Items such as ceramics, metals, and crafted goods were part of this exchange, enhancing cultural interactions and technological dissemination. The presence of Mycenaean pottery, for example, indicates interactions with the Greek mainland.
Art and Crafts
The artistic expression of Middle Bronze Age Sicily is prominently showcased in its ceramics. Pottery from this era often features intricate decorative motifs and styles influenced by neighboring Mediterranean cultures, including geometric patterns and spirals frequently seen in Mycenaean and Minoan art. The craftsmanship observed in jewelry and metalwork also highlights the sophisticated techniques adopted by Sicilians during this period.
Funerary Practices
Burial customs of the Middle Bronze Age exhibit both continuity and evolution from earlier periods. The use of rock-cut tombs and pit graves was common, with variations in funeral practices possibly indicating differences in social status. Grave goods often accompanied the deceased, offering insights into the beliefs regarding the afterlife and the individual's status within the community. These goods included pottery, tools, and personal ornaments, often reflecting the wealth and status of the individual.
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
The spiritual and religious life during the Middle Bronze Age in Sicily is less clearly understood due to the limited tangible evidence. However, the presence of ritual objects and the careful arrangements of some burial sites imply a belief system that attributed significance to both the afterlife and certain natural phenomena. Landscapes such as caves and mountain tops might have held spiritual meaning, serving as sites for rituals and communal gatherings.
Interaction with Other Cultures
Sicily's interaction with other Mediterranean cultures profoundly influenced its development during the Middle Bronze Age. The exchange was not solely economic but also cultural, with the influx of new ideas, technologies, and social structures. The transfer of metallurgical knowledge, alongside the adoption of foreign decorative styles in pottery, signifies a period of dynamic cultural syncretism.
Conclusion
The Middle Bronze Age in Sicily represents a formative period marked by significant social, economic, and cultural transformations. Positioned at the heart of Mediterranean exchanges, Sicilian communities developed unique yet overlapping cultural identities that reflected both local traditions and external influences. This era laid much of the groundwork for the island's subsequent historical developments, as it continued to serve as a vital cultural link in the Mediterranean tapestry.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4109) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I4109) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample I4109 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
I4109,0.10956306,0.15911536,0.00364346,-0.06121266,0.04438346,-0.02906334,-0.00285376,0.00225002,0.03859622,0.0617124,-0.00091474,0.00912076,-0.01596964,-0.01129562,-0.01340076,0.00707174,0.0118785,0.00078922,0.00131404,-0.00248354,0.00046872,0.0056178,-0.01135196,-0.016913,0.00346845
The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean
Steppe-pastoralist-related ancestry reached Central Europe by at least 2500 BC, whereas Iranian farmer-related ancestry was present in Aegean Europe by at least 1900 BC. However, the spread of these ancestries into the western Mediterranean, where they have contributed to many populations that live today, remains poorly understood. Here, we generated genome-wide ancient-DNA data from the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia, increasing the number of individuals with reported data from 5 to 66. The oldest individual from the Balearic Islands (~2400 BC) carried ancestry from steppe pastoralists that probably derived from west-to-east migration from Iberia, although two later Balearic individuals had less ancestry from steppe pastoralists. In Sicily, steppe pastoralist ancestry arrived by ~2200 BC, in part from Iberia; Iranian-related ancestry arrived by the mid-second millennium BC, contemporary to its previously documented spread to the Aegean; and there was large-scale population replacement after the Bronze Age. In Sardinia, nearly all ancestry derived from the island's early farmers until the first millennium BC, with the exception of an outlier from the third millennium BC, who had primarily North African ancestry and who-along with an approximately contemporary Iberian-documents widespread Africa-to-Europe gene flow in the Chalcolithic. Major immigration into Sardinia began in the first millennium BC and, at present, no more than 56-62% of Sardinian ancestry is from its first farmers. This value is lower than previous estimates, highlighting that Sardinia, similar to every other region in Europe, has been a stage for major movement and mixtures of people.