A woman buried in Italy in the Upper Paleolithic era
The Italian Gravettian era represents a significant phase in the Upper Paleolithic period, approximately 30,000 to 20,000 years ago. This era, primarily identified through archaeological findings in the Italian peninsula, is characterized by the cultural and technological advancements of Homo sapiens before the advent of agriculture. As a subset of the wider Gravettian culture, which spans much of Europe, the Italian Gravettian exhibits unique adaptations to the peninsula's diverse environments and climatic conditions. Below is a detailed exploration of various aspects of this era:
Environment and Climate
During the Gravettian period, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was approaching, dramatically impacting the climate and landscape. Italy, with its varied topography, included coastal plains, mountain ranges, and fertile valleys. Glacial activity shaped the terrain, resulting in a cooler and drier climate with significant seasonal variations. This environment necessitated a high degree of adaptability as communities navigated changing food sources and habitats.
Subsistence Strategies
Gravettian communities were predominantly hunter-gatherers. In Italy, they exploited a range of resources, from the rich marine life along the coast to terrestrial mammals in inland areas. Evidence suggests the hunting of large game such as red deer, horse, and ibex, and possibly woolly mammoth and rhinoceros in colder periods. Marine and freshwater resources, including fish and shellfish, were also crucial, particularly for coastal populations.
These communities likely employed sophisticated hunting strategies, using tools and methods adapted to the specific challenges of their environment. Seasonal migrations were probably common, aligning human movement with the availability of resources.
Tool Technology
The Gravettian is noted for its characteristic tool kit, which in Italy included specific adaptations. Stone tools were primarily made of flint and chert, shaped through a refined pressure flaking technique. The hallmark of the Gravettian industry is the Gravette point, a small pointed blade used as a projectile or knife. Other tools include burins for working bone and antler, scrapers for processing hides, and backed blades and microliths for composite tools and weapons.
Bone and ivory were also utilized to create tools and decorative items, reflecting an understanding of diverse materials. Evidence of heat treatment of flint points to advanced knowledge of tool-making processes.
Art and Symbolism
The Gravettian culture is renowned for its contributions to prehistoric art and symbolic expression. Italian sites have yielded examples of mobiliary art, including carved figurines, such as the famous “Venus figurines,” symbolizing fertility or womanhood. These objects, often made of stone, bone, or ivory, showcase meticulous artistry and serve as a glimpse into the symbolic and ritual life of these communities.
Rock art is also notable, with engravings and carvings found in several Italian sites. These artworks depict both abstract patterns and more representational forms, such as animals, demonstrating an early grasp of symbolic communication and possibly shamanistic or religious symbolism.
Social Organization and Dwelling
The social structure of Gravettian communities is harder to delineate but can be inferred from archaeological remains. Small groups of related individuals likely formed the core social unit, cooperating for mutual survival and resource sharing. Evidence of temporary camps and semi-permanent dwellings suggests a semi-nomadic lifestyle, with seasonal movements based on resource availability.
Settlements varied significantly, from cave dwellings and rock shelters to open-air sites. These habitations were strategically located near resources such as water, game trails, and lithic sources. The presence of hearths and food storage pits indicates advanced social planning and domestic organization.
Burial Practices
Gravettian burial practices exhibit a complex understanding of death and afterlife beliefs. In Italy, burials often included grave goods, suggesting a belief in an existence beyond death. Ornamentation, such as shell beads and ochre, has been discovered in graves, pointing to ritualistic elements and the importance of personal adornment.
Legacy and Influence
The Gravettian culture, with its technological innovations and rich symbolic life, set the stage for subsequent cultural developments in the Upper Paleolithic. Its influence extended beyond Italy, contributing to the broader European Upper Paleolithic cultural tapestry. The eventual transition to more sedentary Neolithic lifestyles can trace roots back to the advancements and adaptations made during this era.
In summary, the Italian Gravettian period reflects a sophisticated hunter-gatherer culture with a dynamic interplay of technology, art, and social organization. This era encapsulates the resilience and adaptability of early humans in the face of climatic challenges, leaving a lasting legacy in the prehistoric record.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (PA12) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (PA12) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample PA12 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
PA12,0.07051304,0.04367316,0.01850936,0.06198092,0.01278828,0.02725066,-0.00619406,-3.052E-05,0.01507624,-0.00526238,-0.00033672,0.00085774,0.00541984,-0.00306088,0.00438934,-0.00131422,-0.0035805,0.00029574,-0.00080884,0.00203106,0.00430408,0.00535046,0.00243862,0.00496934,-0.00126559
Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers
Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.