A woman buried in Spain in the Mesolithic era
The Iberian Mesolithic culture, spanning roughly between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE, represents a significant period in prehistoric Iberia (modern-day Spain and Portugal), characterized by the adaptation to post-glacial environments and the gradual transition toward agriculture seen in the subsequent Neolithic era. This era is marked by distinct cultural and technological developments as human groups adjusted to shifting climates and landscapes.
Environment and Geographical Context
During the Mesolithic period, the Iberian Peninsula witnessed significant climatic changes due to the end of the last Ice Age, resulting in a milder climate and the re-establishment of diverse ecosystems. Temperate forests, rich in fauna and flora, expanded across the region, providing abundant resources for human populations. Coastal areas, with their newly formed estuaries and wetlands, became key habitats that supported a rich variety of marine and terrestrial life.
Subsistence and Economy
The Iberian Mesolithic peoples practiced a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, intricately adapted to exploit the diverse environments of the peninsula. The economy was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering. Mesolithic groups hunted a variety of animals, including deer, wild boar, and smaller mammals. The coastal zones offered abundant marine resources, and shellfish gathering became an essential component of the diet, as evidenced by numerous shell middens found along the coasts.
Besides hunting and fishing, the gathering of plant resources, such as nuts, seeds, and wild fruits, played a crucial role in the subsistence strategies. These communities displayed a deep understanding of the seasonal availability of resources, which dictated their movements and settlement patterns.
Tools and Technology
The Iberian Mesolithic is marked by the development of microlithic technologies. Small, finely made flint tools, often used as arrowheads or barbs, became common. These microliths were typically mounted on wooden shafts, contributing to more efficient hunting equipment. Bone and antler also served as raw materials for a range of tools and implements, highlighting a versatile approach to tool manufacture.
Other significant finds include grinding stones, which point to processing plant materials, indicating a degree of sedentism or at least repeated use of specific sites. Baskets and nets, likely made from plant fibers, may have played roles in gathering both terrestrial and aquatic resources, although the evidence for such perishable materials is rare.
Settlements and Social Organization
Iberian Mesolithic settlements were often small and semi-permanent, although the extent of mobility varied with local environmental conditions. Coastal and riverine sites were favored due to the abundance of resources. Burial practices from this period suggest growing elaboration, with grave goods occasionally accompanying the deceased, indicating possible shifts in social structure and more complex belief systems.
Art and symbolic behavior reflected in rock art, though not as abundant or as elaborate as earlier Upper Paleolithic examples, provide insights into the spiritual and cultural lives of these communities. These artworks often include depictions of humans, animals, and abstract symbols, suggesting the continuity or transformation of symbolic traditions.
Regional Variations
There were cultural differences across the Iberian Peninsula during the Mesolithic era. For instance, in the coastal regions like the shell middens of Muge in Portugal, communities may have relied extensively on marine resources. In contrast, inland sites reveal different adaptations, including the varied use of terrestrial resources. These variations hint at regional diversity in cultural practices, influenced by local environmental conditions and resource availability.
Transition to the Neolithic
The Iberian Mesolithic culture represents the final stage of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, which gradually transitioned to the Neolithic with the advent of agriculture and animal domestication around 5,000 BCE. This transition was not abrupt but rather a complex and regionally varied process, influenced by external contacts with other regions, such as the Mediterranean Basin, and internal innovations.
In summary, the Iberian Mesolithic culture was a dynamic period that laid the foundation for the Neolithic transformations that followed. It was marked by a deep connection to diverse landscapes, advanced adaptation strategies, and rich cultural expressions that responded to the changing post-glacial world of prehistoric Iberia.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (AMI001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (AMI001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample AMI001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
AMI001,0.1107719,0.12187318,0.07629662,0.06892466,0.03988928,0.03028192,0.00633576,0.0146114,-0.0008548,-0.02162684,-0.00483546,-0.0032272,0.0128574,0.01263808,0.00110312,0.00285664,-0.00158216,-0.00124134,0.00362744,0.00125466,0.00320452,-0.0019798,0.001825,0.00517046,-0.000639
Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers
Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.