A woman buried in Russia in the Neolithic era
The Yazykovo Neolithic Culture, a significant entity within the broader Forest Neolithic period, represents an intriguing chapter in prehistoric human societies. This era, primarily flourishing in the forested regions of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, is characterized by a unique adaptation to the rich but challenging environments of the expansive temperate forests. The Yazykovo Neolithic Culture, in particular, is known for its distinct technological, social, and economic adaptations to these lush forested landscapes, reflecting the broader trends of Neolithic cultures.
Geographical Context: The geographical domain of the Yazykovo Neolithic Culture encompasses a vast area that includes parts of modern-day Russia, particularly around the river basins of the Dnieper, Volga, and their tributaries. This region, rich in natural resources, presented both opportunities and challenges for the Neolithic inhabitants. The dense forests, abundant in wildlife and edible plants, required specific adaptations for survival, influencing not only subsistence strategies but also social organization and technological innovation.
Subsistence and Economy: The Yazykovo culture relied heavily on a combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering as primary subsistence strategies. The rich biodiversity of the forests enabled the hunting of various game, including deer, boar, and smaller mammals, while numerous rivers and lakes supported a fishing economy rich in aquatic life. The gathering of nuts, berries, and other plant resources also played a crucial role, leading to a broad-spectrum diet that exploited the diverse ecological niches of the forest environment.
With the advent of Neolithic technologies, the Yazykovo groups began experimenting with early agriculture, although to a lesser extent compared to cultures in more arable regions. Small-scale cultivation of hardy crops, suitable for the cooler, forested climate, supplemented their diet but did not dominate it. This necessitated a highly adaptive subsistence strategy that could respond flexibly to environmental fluctuations.
Technology and Artifacts: The toolkit of the Yazykovo Neolithic Culture was especially adapted to its forested environment. Stone tools, including polished axes and adzes, were essential for woodworking, which played a crucial role in constructing dwellings, tools, and possibly boats or rafts for riverine navigation. The development of ground stone tools marked a significant technological leap and indicated refined craftsmanship.
Bone and antler tools, alongside pottery, represent other technological achievements. The pottery of this culture is typically plain or simply decorated, with forms that suggest functional domestic use. Additionally, the presence of fishing implements like nets, hooks, and harpoons attest to the prominence of fishing in their subsistence.
Social Organization: The social structure of the Yazykovo Neolithic communities can be inferred from settlement patterns and burial practices. Small, semi-permanent villages, often situated near water sources, suggest a sedentary or semi-nomadic lifestyle with a high degree of residential stability. The household appears to be the basic social unit, possibly extended into larger kin groups that cooperated in resource exploitation and defense.
Burial practices, as evidenced from archaeological sites, indicate a degree of social differentiation, possibly based on age, sex, or status within the community. Grave goods, although not abundant, sometimes accompany burials, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife or the commemoration of the deceased's social role.
Cultural and Spiritual Life: The cultural expressions of the Yazykovo people, while not as elaborate as those of urban Neolithic societies, reveal an intimate connection with their environment. Their spiritual life likely revolved around natural elements and animistic beliefs, as suggested by the archaeological record.
Ritualistic or symbolic objects, although rare, indicate a rich spiritual tradition possibly linked to shamanistic practices. Artifacts such as figurines, decorated pottery, or natural materials that seem to have been used in ritual contexts, hint at a complex spiritual world intertwined with daily life.
Legacy and Influence: The Yazykovo Neolithic Culture, as part of the greater Forest Neolithic phenomenon, contributed to the foundation of later cultural developments in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia. Their adaptive strategies, technological prowess, and resilient social structures laid the groundwork for subsequent cultural and technological evolutions in these regions.
In conclusion, the Yazykovo Neolithic Culture presents a fascinating picture of adaptation and innovation within the marginal, yet resource-rich, forest environments of the Neolithic world. Through their unique blend of subsistence, technology, and social organization, the Yazykovo people exemplified the diverse pathways of human adaptation and cultural development during this transformative era.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (JAZ001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (JAZ001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample JAZ001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
JAZ001,0.11863656,0.03738764,0.09265866,0.08435048,0.00265116,0.022368,-0.0109011,-0.00693994,-0.004798,-0.03839374,0.0068996,-0.00930538,0.02190876,0.00371746,-0.00687944,0.00462838,-0.00057204,-0.00013012,-0.00251544,0.005671,0.00587982,0.00190444,0.0021211,0.00125362,0.00537094
Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers
Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.