A woman buried in France in the Upper Paleolithic era
The Gravettian culture represents a significant phase of the Upper Paleolithic era, widely recognized for its technological and cultural advancements across Europe and parts of Eurasia approximately between 29,000 and 22,000 years ago. Originating from the Aurignacian culture, the Gravettian is noted for the spread and diversification of its people across a vast geographic landscape, including Western Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Russian Plains. This era is marked by its unique adaptations to varying environments and the rich cultural contributions that have been identified through archaeological findings.
Geographic Distribution and Environmental Adaptations
The Gravettian culture extended over a substantial area, including but not limited to modern-day France, Spain, Italy, the Czech Republic, and Russia. These regions demanded diverse adaptations due to differing climates, ranging from the glaciated environments of northern Europe to the more temperate zones further south. The Gravettians demonstrated remarkable adaptability, evident in their varied subsistence strategies and technological innovations.
Subsistence and Survival Strategies
Gravettian groups primarily relied on hunting for subsistence, with a particular emphasis on large game such as mammoths, bison, reindeer, and horses. The emphasis on hunting is further evidenced by the development of sophisticated tools, such as pointed blades and backed knives, which facilitated the processing of animal carcasses. Seasonal migrations followed the herds, indicating a deep understanding of migratory patterns and animal behavior that allowed them to thrive in harsh climates.
In addition to hunting, Gravettian groups also gathered plant materials, though these are less frequently preserved in the archaeological record. The ability to exploit a wide range of resources helped sustain the Gravettian people as they encountered various environmental challenges.
Technological Innovations
The Gravettian is perhaps most renowned for its technological advancements. This era saw the refinement of flint-knapping techniques, producing more standardized and efficient toolkits that included bladelets, burins, and endscrapers. Notably, the Gravettian people were among the first to use the atlatl, or spear-thrower, which significantly increased the distance and force with which they could project their spears—a critical advancement in hunting technology.
Another hallmark of the Gravettian toolkit is the gravette point, a small, sharp implement used as both a projectile point and a cutting tool. These were often crafted using pressure flaking, a considerable advancement over earlier technologies. Bone and antler were also utilized, attesting to the Gravettian artists' dexterity and creativity in manufacturing tools beyond mere stone implements.
Art and Symbolism
One of the most remarkable aspects of the Gravettian culture is its artistic expression. This period is noted for the proliferation of Venus figurines, which are small, stylized representations of the female form. These figures have been discovered across numerous sites and are thought to have held significant cultural or ritualistic importance, possibly symbolizing fertility, femininity, or social connectivity among groups.
Cave art flourished during the Gravettian period as well, with captivating examples found in Lascaux and Chauvet caves in France. These artworks depict a variety of animals and occasionally human figures or abstract patterns, offering insight into the symbolic and communicative aspects of Gravettian life.
Social and Cultural Structures
Gravettian communities likely consisted of small, mobile bands characterized by egalitarian social structures. The archaeological evidence suggests that these groups invested in social networks and alliances, likely to enhance resource sharing and improve survival odds in demanding environments. Burials from this period, such as the notable \Sunghir" site, provide evidence of complex social behaviors and possibly stratification, indicating the presence of ritualistic practices and social differentiation.
Clothing and Shelter
Surviving in harsh climates necessitated the development of clothing from animal hides, sewn using bone needles and sinew thread, providing protection against severe weather. Archaeological evidence also reveals that Gravettian people constructed semi-permanent dwellings, sometimes using mammoth bones as structural supports, suggesting a degree of sedentarism during certain periods of the year.
Conclusion
The Gravettian culture represents a pinnacle of prehistoric human development, characterized by notable advancements in technology, art, and social organization. This era reflects a complex interplay between human ingenuity and environmental adaptation, showcasing a profound evolution of cultural practices in the Upper Paleolithic. The legacy of the Gravettian people, captured through their diverse artifacts and artworks, continues to provide invaluable insights into human prehistory and the enduring adaptability of our species."
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ORM001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ORM001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample ORM001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
ORM001,0.06802794,0.0225531,-0.00061538,0.05269646,0.02105438,0.01868276,-8.68E-06,-0.00236658,0.02192384,0.00848852,0.00575972,-0.00046318,0.0005403,-0.0024861,0.00174428,-0.00193358,0.00307574,0.00237316,-0.00521054,0.00353784,0.0010892,0.00032152,0.0008605,0.0045282,0.00513731
Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers
Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.