A man buried in Russia in the Early Iron Age era
The Old Bering Sea culture, notably exemplified by the site at Ekven in Chukotka, Russia, is an archaeological manifestation of the Arctic cultures that thrived from approximately 200 BCE to 500 CE. This culture is integral to our understanding of the prehistoric peoples inhabiting the Bering Strait region, encompassing what is now parts of eastern Russia and western Alaska. The Ekven site offers rich insights due to its exceptionally preserved archaeological finds, which reveal aspects of the lifestyle, technology, art, and spirituality of its people.
Geographic and Environmental Context
Ekven is located on the Chukotka Peninsula in northeastern Siberia, an area characterized by its permafrost and tundra. The harsh Arctic climate influenced the adaptive strategies of its inhabitants, including their hunting, clothing, and architectural styles. The Bering Sea, rich in marine resources, played a central role in the subsistence and culture of the Old Bering Sea peoples.
Material Culture and Technology
The Old Bering Sea culture is renowned for its sophisticated use of ivory, bone, and stone. The people skillfully crafted tools and implements primarily from walrus ivory and bones of other marine mammals. These items include harpoons, knives, scrapers, and bowls, which were essential for hunting and daily life. Their tool technology demonstrates an intimate understanding of both their environment and the materials available to them.
One of the most remarkable aspects of this culture is its art: intricately carved ivory artifacts featuring complex geometric patterns and animal motifs. These designs are believed to hold symbolic or spiritual significance, possibly related to shamanistic practices. The artistic style of the Old Bering Sea culture is often regarded as one of the most distinctive in Arctic archaeology.
Subsistence and Economy
The economy of the Old Bering Sea culture was heavily reliant on marine resources. The people were skilled hunters of seals, walrus, and whales, which provided not only food but also raw materials for tools, clothing, and housing. They supplemented their diet with land-based resources like caribou, birds, and plants when available.
The Bering Sea peoples' seasonal movements likely mirrored the migratory patterns of the animals they depended on, showcasing a deep ecological knowledge and adaptability.
Social Structure and Settlement
Archaeological evidence suggests that settlements like Ekven were semi-permanent, with homes constructed from driftwood, sod, and whale bones. These structures were well-insulated against the Arctic cold. The layout and size of the settlements suggest a communal lifestyle, potentially reflecting a societal structure organized around extended family groups or clans.
Burial sites unearthed at Ekven and other locations provide valuable information about social stratification and beliefs. The presence of grave goods, including tools, jewelry, and carvings, indicates a belief in an afterlife and suggests a complex spiritual world.
Spirituality and Art
The depictions found in carvings and artifacts suggest the Old Bering Sea culture held a profound connection with the natural and spiritual world. Shamans likely played a significant role in mediating between humans, nature, and the spirit world. The emphasis on animal motifs in their art indicates that animals were central to their myths and rituals, possibly serving as totems or spiritual guides.
Significance and Legacy
The Old Bering Sea culture is a precursor to later Arctic cultures such as the Punuk and Thule, which eventually influenced the Inupiat and Yupik peoples. The innovations and traditions developed during this period laid the groundwork for future adaptations to the rigorous Arctic environment, illustrating a continuous thread of cultural evolution across millennia.
The study of the Old Bering Sea culture, especially through sites like Ekven, sheds light on the ingenuity and resilience of human populations in one of the world's most challenging environments. As climate change and modern developments impact the Arctic, understanding these ancient cultures provides valuable lessons in sustainability and adaptation.
A minimally destructive protocol for DNA extraction from ancient teeth
Ancient DNA sampling methods-although optimized for efficient DNA extraction-are destructive, relying on drilling or cutting and powdering (parts of) bones and teeth. As the field of ancient DNA has grown, so have concerns about the impact of destructive sampling of the skeletal remains from which ancient DNA is obtained. Due to a particularly high concentration of endogenous DNA, the cementum of tooth roots is often targeted for ancient DNA sampling, but destructive sampling methods of the cementum often result in the loss of at least one entire root. Here, we present a minimally destructive method for extracting ancient DNA from dental cementum present on the surface of tooth roots. This method does not require destructive drilling or grinding, and, following extraction, the tooth remains safe to handle and suitable for most morphological studies, as well as other biochemical studies, such as radiocarbon dating. We extracted and sequenced ancient DNA from 30 teeth (and nine corresponding petrous bones) using this minimally destructive extraction method in addition to a typical tooth sampling method. We find that the minimally destructive method can provide ancient DNA that is of comparable quality to extracts produced from teeth that have undergone destructive sampling processes. Further, we find that a rigorous cleaning of the tooth surface combining diluted bleach and UV light irradiation seems sufficient to minimize external contaminants usually removed through the physical removal of a superficial layer when sampling through regular powdering methods.