A woman buried in Hungary in the Iron Age era

The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in present-day Switzerland. It flourished roughly from 450 BCE to the Roman conquest around the 1st century BCE. This culture is significant for its widespread influence across a large part of Europe, including Hungary. In Hungary, the La Tène culture represents the penetration and adaptation of Celtic tribes into the region.

Overview

The La Tène culture in the region that is today Hungary is marked by a mix of indigenous traditions and new influences carried by Celtic tribes entering the Carpathian Basin. These Celtic tribes, known as the Scordisci, were a confederation of Celtic tribes that settled in the area around the 3rd century BCE, having crossed the Danube River and exerting significant influence on the region. This interaction led to a distinctive local adaptation of La Tène culture, integrating elements of both Celtic and local traditions.

Material Culture

Metalwork

One of the hallmarks of La Tène culture is its sophisticated metalwork, seen in weaponry, tools, and personal adornments. The craftsmanship in Hungary during this era includes:

• Weapons: Swords, often with engraved patterns, and long iron spears are commonly found. These items reflect both the artistry and martial prowess of the Celtic warriors.
• Jewelry: Intricate torcs, bracelets, and fibulae (brooches) were crafted in bronze and iron. These items often featured elaborate designs like spirals and stylized animal forms, indicating high levels of artistic achievement.
• Tools and Household Items: La Tène metalwork also includes practical items like farming tools, which reflect the settled agricultural lifestyle of the Celts.

Pottery

Pottery from the La Tène culture in Hungary is characterized by its fine craftsmanship and decorative elements. Common features include:

• Forms: Bowls, jars, and drinking vessels were prevalent, often demonstrating sophisticated shapes and functional designs.
• Decoration: Many vessels feature geometric and linear motifs. The use of a potter's wheel during this period shows significant advancement in ceramic technology.

Settlements

The Celts in Hungary built fortified settlements known as oppida, which served as centers of trade, military strongholds, and political administration. These oppida were typically located on elevated positions and strategically important locations.

• Architecture: Architecturally, these settlements comprised wooden structures, sometimes with stone foundations. The design often included circular or rectangular houses supporting a central communal space.
• Economic Activity: The economy was largely based on agriculture, with evidence of crop cultivation and animal husbandry. The oppida were also hubs of trade, where local and long-distance goods were exchanged.

Social Structure

The social structure of the La Tène culture was hierarchical, with a clear division between the elite warrior class and the common populace. The elite lived in the larger and more elaborate settlements or oppida, exemplified by their possession of high-status objects and burial in richly furnished graves.

• Burials: Burial customs included both inhumation and cremation, often in tumuli. Graves from this period frequently contain goods such as weapons, ornaments, and imported items, indicating the deceased's social status and connections.

Religion and Beliefs

The religious beliefs of the Celts in Hungary were animistic and polytheistic, with a pantheon of deities tied to natural elements and features. Religious practices likely included:

• Rituals: Offerings and sacrifices were made, possibly in natural settings like groves or near water bodies, which were considered sacred.
• Artistic Motifs: Art often reflects religious themes, with symbols like the triskele and depictions of mythical animals suggesting spiritual and ceremonial significance.

Decline and Legacy

The La Tène culture in Hungary began to decline with the expansion of the Roman Empire into the region during the 1st century BCE. The incorporation into the Roman economic and military system led to the gradual Romanization of the area. However, the Celtic influence persisted, particularly in rural traditions and placenames.

In summary, the La Tène culture in Hungary represents a vibrant and dynamic era marked by cultural interactions, artistic achievements, and sophisticated societal structures. The fusion of Celtic traditions with local practices created a distinctive cultural milieu that left a lasting legacy in the historical and archaeological record of Hungary.

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Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I20752) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I20752) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample I20752 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

A minimally destructive protocol for DNA extraction from ancient teeth