A man buried in Spain in the Bronze Age era

ZAP002
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
ZAP002
Date:
2200 BCE - 1550 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H5a
Y-DNA:
R1b1a1b1a1a2a1
Cultural Period:
The Argaric Culture of Spain
Location
Country:
Spain
Locality:
Murcia. Lorca. Zapatería
Coordinates:
37.6744, -1.6970
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Argaric culture, also known as the Argaric civilization, was a Bronze Age society that flourished in the southeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula, predominantly in what is now modern-day Spain. This culture is named after the archaeological site of El Argar, located in the province of Almería, which serves as a quintessential example of its societal structure, industrial prowess, and cultural practices.

Temporal and Geographical Context: The Argaric culture emerged around 2200 BCE and lasted until approximately 1500 BCE. This era is part of the broader Bronze Age period, characterized by the widespread use of metal, which marked significant technological and social advancements. Geographically, the Argaric civilization was concentrated in the fertile valley regions and coastal areas of southeastern Spain, including Murcia, Alicante, and Granada, particularly in the basin of the Segura and Guadalentín rivers.

Societal Structure and Settlements: The Argaric society is recognized for its hierarchical and complex social organization, which is evident from the archaeological discoveries of its settlements. These settlements were typically situated on elevated ground, such as hilltops, providing natural defensive benefits. Argaric communities were often densely populated and structured in a distinctly organized manner with fortified enclosures and stone buildings, indicative of a well-planned urban settlement.

Archaeological evidence suggests the presence of social stratification within the Argaric society. This stratification is reflected in the burial customs, where individuals were interred with grave goods that varied in quantity and quality, implying differences in social status. The discovery of elaborate tombs with valuable artifacts such as jewelry, weapons, and pottery indicates the existence of an elite class.

Economic and Technological Achievements: The Argaric culture was economically robust, with an economy based on agriculture, livestock breeding, mining, and metallurgy. The region was rich in minerals, which facilitated extensive metalworking, particularly in bronze. Argaric metalworkers were highly skilled, producing tools, weapons, and ornaments. Their metallurgical practices included alloying tin and copper to create bronze—a practice that contributed significantly to their economic and technological capabilities.

Trade was also a crucial component of the Argaric economy. The Argaric people engaged in trade with neighboring regions, exchanging local resources and manufactured goods for luxury items and exotic materials, thus integrating themselves into broader Mediterranean trade networks.

Cultural and Artistic Expressions: Culturally, the Argaric civilization was noted for its distinctive pottery, which often featured geometric designs and was used both for domestic purposes and as funerary offerings. Argaric artisans also crafted jewelry and personal adornments from gold, silver, and copper—demonstrating both their artistic skills and the society’s value placed on aesthetic expression.

The burial practices of the Argaric people are a critical cultural component, providing insight into their beliefs and social structures. The burials were typically conducted within the settlements, under the floors of homes, or in nearby necropolises, which underscores the importance of ancestor veneration and the continuation of lineage.

Decline and Legacy: The decline of the Argaric culture around 1500 BCE is not entirely understood, though it is likely due to a combination of environmental changes, resource depletion, and socio-political upheavals. However, the cultural and technological legacy of the Argaric civilization continued to influence subsequent Iberian societies.

In summary, the Argaric culture of ancient Spain represents a significant chapter in the history of the Mediterranean civilizations. It provides valuable insights into early complex societies, highlighting advancements in metallurgy, urban planning, and social organization that would shape the future trajectory of European prehistory.

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MON016 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain View
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ZAP002 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2200 BCE Murcia. Lorca. Zapatería, Spain View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
ZAP002 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2200 BCE Murcia. Lorca. Zapatería, Spain View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ZAP002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 50%
European Hunter-Gatherers 24%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 22%
Ancient Africans 5%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ZAP002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 70%
Southern European 52%
Iberian 27.1%
Italian 12.3%
Balkan 6.6%
Sardinian 5.8%
Northwestern European 18%
English 9.9%
Northwestern European 8.1%
Africa 21%
North African 20%
North African 18.3%
Egyptian 1.2%
West African 1%
Senegambian & Guinean 1.0%
Congolese & Southern East African 0%
Asia 9%
Northern West Asian 5%
Cypriot 4.5%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 4%
Arabian 2.1%
Levantine 2.1%
Japanese & Korean 1%
Japanese 0.7%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample ZAP002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

ZAP002,0.08575796,0.13693414,0.01798304,-0.0308943,0.03504778,-0.01517586,-0.00468528,0.00429168,0.03091728,0.03032032,0.00208614,0.00077508,-0.0017977,-0.00875334,0.00039894,0.00495646,-0.00553126,0.00024686,-5.16E-05,0.00048494,0.00471356,0.00557072,-0.00811882,-0.00556114,0.00149288
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia
Authors:
Villalba-Mouco V, Oliart C, Rihuete-Herrada C
Abstract:

The emerging Bronze Age (BA) of southeastern Iberia saw marked social changes. Late Copper Age (CA) settlements were abandoned in favor of hilltop sites, and collective graves were largely replaced by single or double burials with often distinctive grave goods indirectly reflecting a hierarchical social organization, as exemplified by the BA El Argar group. We explored this transition from a genomic viewpoint by tripling the amount of data available for this period. Concomitant with the rise of El Argar starting ~2200 cal BCE, we observe a complete turnover of Y-chromosome lineages along with the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. This pattern is consistent with a founder effect in male lineages, supported by our finding that males shared more relatives at sites than females. However, simple two-source models do not find support in some El Argar groups, suggesting additional genetic contributions from the Mediterranean that could predate the BA.

Link:
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