A woman buried in Spain in the Bronze Age era

CBR004
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
CBR004
Date:
1538 BCE - 1447 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
H4a1a
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Bronze Age Cabezo Redondo, Southeast Spain
Location
Country:
Spain
Locality:
Alicante. Villena. Cabezo Redondo
Coordinates:
38.6433, -0.8960
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Cabezo Redondo site represents a significant cultural phase during the Bronze Age in Southeast Spain, specifically within the Iberian Peninsula. This period, characterized by its unique archaeological findings, provides insight into the social, economic, and cultural dynamics of a prehistoric society.

Geographic and Environmental Context

Cabezo Redondo is located in the current province of Alicante, in Southeast Spain. This area, part of the broader Mediterranean climate zone, offered fertile land and a moderate climate, conducive to agricultural activities. The region's landscape, comprising coastal areas, valleys, and upland zones, played a crucial role in shaping the lifestyle and subsistence strategies of its inhabitants.

Chronology

The Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula is traditionally divided into Early, Middle, and Late phases, spanning approximately from 2200 BC to 800 BC. Cabezo Redondo falls within this period, specifically influential during the Middle to Late Bronze Age transition, dating roughly between 1800 and 1500 BC.

Socio-Political Organization

Cabezo Redondo was a significant settlement, suggesting a complex socio-political structure. It likely functioned as a regional center, connected with other contemporary sites through trade and cultural exchanges. The settlement pattern indicates a hierarchically organized society, possibly led by a chief or a group of elite individuals who maintained control over resources and trade routes.

Architecture and Settlement

Excavations at Cabezo Redondo reveal advanced architectural techniques for the period. Dwellings were typically constructed from mud-brick and stone, with some evidence of larger, possibly communal or ceremonial structures. The site layout indicates planned construction, with distinct residential and activity zones, highlighting a degree of urban planning and social organization.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy of Cabezo Redondo was diverse, incorporating agriculture, animal husbandry, and metallurgy. The community cultivated crops such as wheat, barley, and legumes, and raised livestock including sheep, goats, and cattle. The proximity to resources such as copper and tin allowed the inhabitants to develop bronze metallurgy, producing tools, weapons, and ornaments that were essential for daily life and trade.

Material Culture and Technology

The material culture of Cabezo Redondo includes pottery, tools, and ornaments that reflect both local traditions and external influences. Pottery from this site often features intricate decorations and was used for storage, cooking, and ritual purposes. The community excelled in metalworking, producing a variety of bronze objects, which indicates not only technical proficiency but also the community’s role in broader trade networks.

Trade and Interaction

Cabezo Redondo was strategically situated to facilitate trade and interaction with other regions across the Iberian Peninsula and possibly even the broader Mediterranean region. Artifacts such as exotic pottery and metal objects suggest contact with distant cultures, pointing to a vibrant exchange network. Such interactions would have introduced new ideas, goods, and technologies, enriching the local culture.

Burial Practices and Religion

Archaeological evidence from burial sites associated with Cabezo Redondo provides insights into the community's beliefs and social structure. Burials were often found with grave goods, including pottery, personal ornaments, and tools, indicating a belief in an afterlife where such items were deemed necessary. The variety and richness of grave goods suggest social stratification, with elite individuals receiving more elaborate burials.

Conclusion

The Bronze Age culture of Cabezo Redondo in Southeast Spain represents a complex and dynamic society characterized by advanced technological skills, economic diversity, and extensive trade networks. The archaeological remains provide a window into the socio-political and economic life of a prehistoric community that was both locally rooted and widely connected. As more research and excavations are conducted, our understanding of this significant site and its role within the broader Bronze Age Iberian context will continue to deepen.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
CBR004 Bronze Age Cabezo Redondo, Southeast Spain 1538 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cabezo Redondo, Spain View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (CBR004) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 42%
European Hunter-Gatherers 32%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 25%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (CBR004) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 100%
Southern European 87%
Iberian 50.6%
Italian 20.2%
Sardinian 16.3%
Northwestern European 13%
English 6.5%
Northwestern European 6.5%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample CBR004 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

CBR004,0.1211721,0.15491378,0.03882436,-0.01385444,0.05424882,-0.00872494,-0.00118142,0.0045256,0.03070738,0.05041792,-0.00659712,0.01353472,-0.02359912,-0.01188132,0.00157382,0.00037866,-0.00174778,-0.00086632,-0.00057346,-0.00292804,0.00343212,0.00461026,-0.01142534,-0.01196754,0.00240074
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia
Authors:
Villalba-Mouco V, Oliart C, Rihuete-Herrada C
Abstract:

The emerging Bronze Age (BA) of southeastern Iberia saw marked social changes. Late Copper Age (CA) settlements were abandoned in favor of hilltop sites, and collective graves were largely replaced by single or double burials with often distinctive grave goods indirectly reflecting a hierarchical social organization, as exemplified by the BA El Argar group. We explored this transition from a genomic viewpoint by tripling the amount of data available for this period. Concomitant with the rise of El Argar starting ~2200 cal BCE, we observe a complete turnover of Y-chromosome lineages along with the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. This pattern is consistent with a founder effect in male lineages, supported by our finding that males shared more relatives at sites than females. However, simple two-source models do not find support in some El Argar groups, suggesting additional genetic contributions from the Mediterranean that could predate the BA.

Link:
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