A man buried in Spain in the Bronze Age era

LHO002
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
LHO002
Date:
1620 BCE - 1462 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
K1a+195
Y-DNA:
R1b1a1b1a1a2a1
Cultural Period:
Bronze Age La Horna, Spain
Location
Country:
Spain
Locality:
Alicante. Aspe. La Horna
Coordinates:
38.3440, -0.7700
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Bronze Age in the region of La Horna, Spain, located in the Western Mediterranean, marks a fascinating era characterized by significant advancements in metallurgy, social organization, and cultural development. This period, roughly spanning from 2200 BCE to 800 BCE, showcases the transformation of societies from relatively simple agrarian communities to more complex and hierarchical social structures.

Geographical and Environmental Context

La Horna is situated in a part of Spain that benefits from a Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This climate would have influenced the agriculture and settlement patterns of its Bronze Age inhabitants. The natural environment included a mix of coastal and inland territories, with access to plains, rivers, and mountainous regions ideal for agriculture, hunting, and gathering.

Metallurgical Advancements

One of the defining features of the Bronze Age in La Horna is the advent of metalworking technology. The use of bronze, an alloy primarily of copper and tin, allowed for the creation of more durable tools and weapons than those available during the preceding Neolithic period. This technical innovation revolutionized many aspects of daily life, including agriculture, warfare, and trade.

Agricultural and Economic Practices

Agriculture at La Horna would have been supported by the region’s fertile soil and favorable climate. The cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, olives, and grapes was likely complemented by the herding of domesticated animals like sheep, goats, and cattle. These practices not only sustained the local populations but also facilitated trade with neighboring cultures.

Trade networks were crucial during this era, allowing for the exchange of goods, ideas, and technological innovations. La Horna's strategic location in the Western Mediterranean enabled contact and trade with other cultures across the sea, contributing to economic and cultural enrichment.

Social Organization and Settlement Patterns

Bronze Age societies in La Horna were becoming increasingly stratified. Social hierarchy was often reflected in burial practices, with elite members of society receiving more elaborate grave goods. Settlements began to feature greater complexity, with structures such as fortified hilltop settlements, indicating concerns over security and territorial control.

Cultural and Religious Practices

Religious and ritualistic practices during this period were likely polytheistic, with a belief system that involved worshiping natural elements and celestial bodies. Megalithic structures and burial mounds may serve as evidence of ritualistic activities, though specific details about religious practices remain speculative due to the limited archaeological record.

Cultural artifacts from this era include pottery, which evolved in style and technique over the centuries, reflecting both aesthetic preferences and functional requirements. Decorative motifs and artistic expressions in pottery and metalwork provide insight into the symbolic and artistic endeavors of the time.

Interaction with Other Cultures

The Western Mediterranean was a dynamic region during the Bronze Age, characterized by interactions between various cultural groups. La Horna's inhabitants participated in these intercultural exchanges, which were facilitated by maritime routes that connected them to other prominent Bronze Age civilizations. These interactions led to cultural syncretism, evidenced by the diffusion of artistic styles and technological innovations across regions.

Legacy and Influence

The legacy of the Bronze Age in La Horna can be observed in the cultural and technological foundations it laid for subsequent developments in the Iron Age and beyond. The era's achievements in metallurgy, agriculture, and social organization set the stage for more complex societies that would emerge in later periods.

In conclusion, the Bronze Age culture of La Horna, Spain, represents a vibrant and transformative period in the Western Mediterranean characterized by technological innovation, societal complexity, and cultural development. Through the lens of archaeological findings and the broader Mediterranean context, we gain valuable insights into the lives and legacies of the people who inhabited this region over three millennia ago.

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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
LHO002 Bronze Age La Horna, Spain 1620 BCE Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain View
LHO001 Bronze Age La Horna, Spain 1611 BCE Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (LHO002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 45%
European Hunter-Gatherers 29%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 26%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (LHO002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 100%
Southern European 67%
Iberian 38.5%
Sardinian 19.1%
Italian 9.5%
Northwestern European 33%
English 23.9%
Northwestern European 4.9%
Scandinavian 4.1%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample LHO002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

LHO002,0.12157568,0.15003808,0.04055646,-0.00684866,0.05152252,-0.00575004,-0.0007984,0.00234516,0.02592112,0.04232462,-0.00654994,0.012776,-0.02210536,-0.01259128,0.0037474,-0.00239112,-0.00232766,-0.0004287,3.982E-05,-0.00322906,0.00346802,0.00319798,-0.01085528,-0.00704802,0.00069708
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia
Authors:
Villalba-Mouco V, Oliart C, Rihuete-Herrada C
Abstract:

The emerging Bronze Age (BA) of southeastern Iberia saw marked social changes. Late Copper Age (CA) settlements were abandoned in favor of hilltop sites, and collective graves were largely replaced by single or double burials with often distinctive grave goods indirectly reflecting a hierarchical social organization, as exemplified by the BA El Argar group. We explored this transition from a genomic viewpoint by tripling the amount of data available for this period. Concomitant with the rise of El Argar starting ~2200 cal BCE, we observe a complete turnover of Y-chromosome lineages along with the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. This pattern is consistent with a founder effect in male lineages, supported by our finding that males shared more relatives at sites than females. However, simple two-source models do not find support in some El Argar groups, suggesting additional genetic contributions from the Mediterranean that could predate the BA.

Link:
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