A woman buried in Spain in the Bronze Age era

ALM088
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
ALM088
Date:
1750 BCE - 1550 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
V
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
The Argaric Culture of Spain
Location
Country:
Spain
Locality:
Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya
Coordinates:
37.9528, -1.5080
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Argaric culture was a significant Bronze Age civilization in prehistoric Spain, thriving between approximately 2200 and 1500 BCE in the region of what is now southeastern Iberia, particularly in the area of modern-day Almería and Murcia. Named after the site of El Argar, which was first excavated in the early 20th century, this culture is renowned for its distinctive social, economic, and architectural developments.

Geography and Environment

The Argaric culture developed in a landscape characterized by rugged terrain, including mountains, valleys, and a semi-arid climate. The geography played a crucial role in shaping the society, given the strategic placement of their settlements. Many sites were located on elevated positions, providing natural defenses and control over surrounding territories, essential during an era marked by competitive interactions between communities.

Social Structure

The Argaric society is noted for its hierarchical social organization. Archaeological evidence suggests a tiered social structure, with elites enjoying greater access to resources compared to commoners. This differentiation is evident in burial practices, where elite graves often contained rich assemblages of goods, such as weapons, jewelry, and pottery, indicating a society with substantial social stratification.

Economy and Trade

Agriculture formed the backbone of the Argaric economy, with communities cultivating cereals like barley and wheat, alongside legumes and fruits. They practiced pastoralism, rearing animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, which supplemented their diet and provided raw materials like wool and hides.

The Argarics were skilled metallurgists, producing a variety of bronze tools and weapons, which were of great economic and social importance. Their mastery of metallurgy facilitated trade both locally and with distant regions, exchanging goods such as metals, pottery, and textiles. Evidence suggests they were part of broader trade networks throughout the Mediterranean, exchanging goods with other contemporary cultures.

Settlements and Architecture

The architectural developments of the Argaric culture reflect their complex society. Settlements were typically fortified with stone walls, and houses were constructed using stone foundations and mud-brick walls. Some larger sites, like La Bastida, exhibit advanced urban planning, with terraced layouts and complex water management systems, indicating sophisticated engineering skills.

Public buildings, such as warehouses and possibly communal gathering spaces, suggest organized communal activities, while the presence of granaries underscores the importance of agriculture. Argaric architecture reveals insights into their adaptation to environmental challenges and social needs.

Funeral Practices

Burial customs of the Argaric culture were distinct, reflecting their social hierarchy. Common practices included individual burials within settlements, often beneath the floors of dwellings. Graves were furnished with items indicating the deceased's social status; affluent burials contained ornate pottery, metalwork items, and tools.

The diversity and richness of grave goods provide critical insights into the roles and identities within their society, revealing differences in wealth, status, and possibly profession or familial lineage. The burials offer a window into their beliefs about death and the afterlife while illuminating the organization of their community.

Cultural and Technological Contributions

The Argaric culture contributed significantly to the technological and cultural landscape of prehistoric Iberia. Their advancements in metallurgy, particularly the production and use of bronze, represent a major technological leap. Their aesthetic contributions, visible in pottery styles with distinctive geometric patterns and polished surfaces, highlight artistic expression and cultural identity.

Decline and Legacy

Around 1500 BCE, the Argaric culture began to decline, possibly due to environmental changes, resource depletion, or social upheaval. The reasons for their decline remain a subject of scholarly debate, yet the culture's influence persisted in subsequent Iberian societies.

The legacy of the Argaric culture is observed in the continued development of metallurgy and trade networks in the region, influencing later cultural traditions. The archaeological record left by the Argarics provides a crucial understanding of the social and technological advancements during the Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula, painting a vivid picture of a sophisticated and innovative society.

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ALM018 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
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ALM020 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM021 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM024 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM025 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM026 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
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ALM042 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM043 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1882 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM044 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1896 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM046 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1883 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM048 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
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ALM003 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM029 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
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ALM036 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM039 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1739 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM051 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM055 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
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ALM063 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM064 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM067 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM068 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM076 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM078 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM081 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM086 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1932 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM087 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
I1304 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1741 BCE Murcia. La Almoloya. El Argar, Spain View
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ALM031 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
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EFA008 Late Bronze Age Spain 1200 BCE Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain View
EFA009 Late Bronze Age Spain 1200 BCE Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain View
EFA010 Late Bronze Age Spain 1200 BCE Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain View
EFA011 Late Bronze Age Spain 1200 BCE Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain View
EFA007 Late Bronze Age Spain 1200 BCE Balearic Islands. Menorca. Ciutadella. Es Forat de ses Aritges, Spain View
BAS003 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2023 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS022 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS023 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2130 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS024 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2192 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS025 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2134 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS027 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS002 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1620 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS018 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1865 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS026 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS017 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1871 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
LHO002 Bronze Age La Horna, Spain 1620 BCE Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain View
LHO001 Bronze Age La Horna, Spain 1611 BCE Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain View
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MDP003 Early El Argar Culture Molinos de Papel, Spain 2197 BCE Murcia. Caravaca. Molinos del Papel, Spain View
MDP001 Early El Argar Culture Molinos de Papel, Spain 2297 BCE Murcia. Caravaca. Molinos del Papel, Spain View
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CBR004 Bronze Age Cabezo Redondo, Southeast Spain 1538 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cabezo Redondo, Spain View
CMO001 The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia 1881 BCE Murcia. Moratalla. Cerro del Morrón, Spain View
CMO002 The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia 1888 BCE Murcia. Moratalla. Cerro del Morrón, Spain View
CMO003 The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia 1750 BCE Murcia. Moratalla. Cerro del Morrón, Spain View
LOT001 The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia 2021 BCE Murcia. Lorca. Los Tintes, Spain View
MMI004 The Argaric Culture of Southeast Iberia 2000 BCE Murcia. Lorca. Madre Mercedarias Iglesias, Spain View
LHO003 Bronze Age Southeast Iberia 1669 BCE Alicante. Aspe. La Horna, Spain View
PLZ001 Bronze Age Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Peñón de la Zorra, Spain View
PUC001 Bronze Age Southeast Iberia 1879 BCE Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain View
PUC002 Bronze Age Southeast Iberia 1741 BCE Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain View
PUC003 Bronze Age Southeast Iberia 1882 BCE Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain View
PUC004 Bronze Age Southeast Iberia 1748 BCE Alicante. Villena. Puntal de los Carniceros, Spain View
CDM001 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 2559 BCE Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain View
CDM002 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 2579 BCE Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain View
CDM003 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain View
CDM004 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain View
CDM005 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Murcia. Caravaca. Camino del Molino, Spain View
CDP001 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain View
CDP002 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain View
CDP006 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain View
CDP008 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain View
CDP011 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain View
CLL001 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL002 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL003 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL004 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL005 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL006 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL008 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL009 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL010 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
CLL011 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Villena. Cueva de las Lechuzas, Spain View
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CDP009 Chalcolithic Southeast Iberia 3300 BCE Alicante. Planes. Cova d' En Pardo, Spain View
MON013 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain View
MON015 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain View
MON016 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain View
MON017 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain View
MON029 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE Sevilla. Valencina de la Concepción. PP4-Montelirio, Spain View
MON014 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 1750 BCE , Spain View
MON019 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE , Spain View
MON020 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE , Spain View
MON021 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE , Spain View
MON033 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 3300 BCE , Spain View
MON036 Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia 2893 BCE , Spain View
ZAP002 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2200 BCE Murcia. Lorca. Zapatería, Spain View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
ALM035 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM047 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM053 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM056 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM062 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM069 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM070 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM071 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM075 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM079 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM084 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM088 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM073 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1889 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM060 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1878 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM001 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1960 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM002 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1943 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM004 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM006 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1919 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM007 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM008 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM014 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM015 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1898 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM016 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1945 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM017 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1882 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM018 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM019 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2127 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM020 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM021 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM024 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM025 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM026 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM027 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM028 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM040 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2012 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM041 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1944 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM042 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM043 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1882 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM044 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1896 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM046 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1883 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM048 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM049 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM050 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM034 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1954 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM003 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM029 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM032 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM036 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM039 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1739 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM051 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM055 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM057 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1874 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM063 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM064 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM067 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM068 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM076 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM078 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM081 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM086 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1932 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM087 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
I1304 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1741 BCE Murcia. La Almoloya. El Argar, Spain View
ALM080 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM031 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1750 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM030 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM058 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM077 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
ALM052 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1884 BCE Murcia. Pliego. La Almoloya, Spain View
BAS002 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1620 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS018 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1865 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS026 The Argaric Culture of Spain 2000 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
BAS017 The Argaric Culture of Spain 1871 BCE Murcia. Totana. La Bastida, Spain View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ALM088) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 48%
European Hunter-Gatherers 30%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 23%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ALM088) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 99%
Southern European 88%
Iberian 46.3%
Sardinian 22.5%
Balkan 9.9%
Italian 9.2%
Northwestern European 11%
English 7.9%
Northwestern European 3.3%
Africa 1%
North African 1%
Egyptian 0.9%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample ALM088 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

ALM088,0.12109456,0.15700216,0.039519,-0.01450558,0.05538168,-0.00896336,-0.00127914,0.00568188,0.03248758,0.05270934,-0.00691494,0.01379874,-0.02410294,-0.01118086,0.00178462,0.0015102,-0.00313838,-0.00119124,-0.00095732,-0.00261704,0.00384228,0.00544534,-0.01162524,-0.0139677,0.00316586
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia
Authors:
Villalba-Mouco V, Oliart C, Rihuete-Herrada C
Abstract:

The emerging Bronze Age (BA) of southeastern Iberia saw marked social changes. Late Copper Age (CA) settlements were abandoned in favor of hilltop sites, and collective graves were largely replaced by single or double burials with often distinctive grave goods indirectly reflecting a hierarchical social organization, as exemplified by the BA El Argar group. We explored this transition from a genomic viewpoint by tripling the amount of data available for this period. Concomitant with the rise of El Argar starting ~2200 cal BCE, we observe a complete turnover of Y-chromosome lineages along with the arrival of steppe-related ancestry. This pattern is consistent with a founder effect in male lineages, supported by our finding that males shared more relatives at sites than females. However, simple two-source models do not find support in some El Argar groups, suggesting additional genetic contributions from the Mediterranean that could predate the BA.

Link:
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