A woman buried in Italy in the Mesolithic era
The Late Mesolithic period in Sicily, Italy, as part of the broader Mediterranean Mesolithic era, represents a fascinating and transformative chapter in prehistoric human evolution and adaptation to the landscape and climate of the Mediterranean basin. This period, roughly dated to between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE, sits between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the onset of agricultural practices that define the Neolithic period. Here, we delve into the specifics of this era, focusing on the cultural, environmental, and technological aspects of Late Mesolithic Sicily.
Environmental Context
During the Late Mesolithic, Sicily was characterized by a shifting environment. The island, benefiting from a temperate Mediterranean climate, was undergoing gradual warming after the Ice Age. This climatic shift resulted in a diverse landscape of forests, grasslands, and coastlines rich in marine resources. The rising sea levels also contributed to the island’s geographical isolation from the Italian mainland, fostering the development of distinct cultural practices.
Subsistence and Economy
The inhabitants of Late Mesolithic Sicily were primarily foragers, relying on a mixed subsistence strategy that included hunting, gathering, and fishing. Evidence suggests a diet rich in terrestrial and marine resources, with wild game such as deer and boar being supplemented by shellfish, fish, and edible plants like wild cereals and nuts. The use of coastal and inland resources reflects an adaptive strategy to the diverse environments available on the island.
The exploitation of marine resources became increasingly significant, evidenced by the remains of shells and fish bones found in archaeological sites. This specialization in aquatic resources points to the development of advanced fishing techniques, possibly including nets and traps.
Tools and Technology
The Mesolithic toolkit in Sicily was quite sophisticated, evolving from the earlier Paleolithic traditions. Microliths—small, finely crafted stone tools—are a hallmark of this period. These tools were often used as components of composite tools, like sickles or spears, highlighting advancements in tool-making techniques. The presence of obsidian and flint suggests long-distance trade networks, as these materials were not native to all areas of Sicily and had to be exchanged over distances.
Artifacts such as bone tools and antler implements have also been found, reflecting a broadening of material culture and the use of diverse resources. These tools were likely used in everyday tasks such as hunting, fishing, and food preparation.
Social Organization and Settlements
The societal organization during the Late Mesolithic in Sicily is thought to have been based on small, mobile bands. These groups likely displayed flexible social structures, facilitated by kinship ties and cooperation in subsistence activities. The pattern of small, temporary settlements suggests a highly mobile lifestyle, with groups moving in response to the seasonal availability of resources.
Caves and rock shelters were common habitation sites, providing natural protection and a strategic advantage for exploiting surrounding resources. These sites often contain evidence of long-term occupation, such as hearths, refuse deposits, and burial grounds, offering insights into the social and ritual practices of these communities.
Art and Symbolism
Although direct evidence of art from this period in Sicily is limited, there are indications of symbolic behavior and possibly ritualistic practices. The presence of personal ornaments such as beads and pendants suggests an appreciation for adornment and possibly social differentiation or status within groups. These items might have been used in trade or as a means to signify identity or group affiliation.
Transition to the Neolithic
The Late Mesolithic period in Sicily gradually transitioned into the Neolithic, marked by the adoption of agriculture and animal domestication. This shift was part of a broader pattern of cultural diffusion across the Mediterranean. The transition was likely facilitated by contact and exchange with neighboring regions, leading to the gradual integration of Neolithic practices into the local Mesolithic framework.
In summary, Late Mesolithic Sicily represents a period of adaptation and innovation in response to changing environmental and social conditions. The island's inhabitants developed complex subsistence strategies, sophisticated tools, and rich social practices, setting the stage for the eventual Neolithic transformation. This era serves as a testament to human resilience and the ability to thrive in diverse and evolving landscapes.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ5054) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ5054) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample UZZ5054 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
UZZ5054,0.137338,0.12802464,0.06132032,0.05669384,0.04068384,0.02682048,0.00404408,0.00705256,0.00464104,-0.00760184,-0.00785936,0.00638248,0.00142664,-0.00727008,0.01411592,0.0015672,-0.00990528,0.0016144,-0.0014328,0.00058552,0.00603776,0.00342488,0.00186616,0.00967336,-0.00099058
Genomic and dietary discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Sicily
Sicily is a key region for understanding the agricultural transition in the Mediterranean because of its central position. Here, we present genomic and stable isotopic data for 19 prehistoric Sicilians covering the Mesolithic to Bronze Age periods (10,700-4,100 yBP). We find that Early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) from Sicily are a highly drifted lineage of the Early Holocene western European HGs, whereas Late Mesolithic HGs carry ∼20% ancestry related to northern and (south) eastern European HGs, indicating substantial gene flow. Early Neolithic farmers are genetically most similar to farmers from the Balkans and Greece, with only ∼7% of ancestry from local Mesolithic HGs. The genetic discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic match the changes in material culture and diet. Three outlying individuals dated to ∼8,000 yBP; however, suggest that hunter-gatherers interacted with incoming farmers at Grotta dell'Uzzo, resulting in a mixed economy and diet for a brief interlude at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition.