A man buried in Italy in the Neolithic era
The Neolithic Stentinello Culture, dating back to approximately 6000-4000 BCE, represents a significant era in the prehistoric timeline of Sicily and the broader Mediterranean region. This culture is named after the Stentinello site near Syracuse, on the southeastern coast of Sicily, which serves as a primary archaeological reference for this period.
Origins and Development
The Stentinello Culture is considered part of the broader expansion of Neolithic cultures across the Mediterranean, characterized by the transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one centered on agriculture and settled communities. This cultural shift is associated with the introduction of new technologies and practices such as farming, animal husbandry, pottery making, and sedentary habitation.
Social and Economic Structure
The Stentinello people were primarily agrarian, cultivating crops like wheat, barley, legumes, and pulses. They also practiced animal husbandry, raising livestock including sheep, goats, pigs, and, to a lesser extent, cattle. This shift towards farming and domestication of animals likely led to a more stable food supply and, consequently, population growth and the establishment of permanent settlements.
Villages were often situated in fertile plains or near rivers, which provided ample resources and facilitated agricultural activities. These settlements were typically composed of small, round or oval huts constructed from materials such as wattle and daub, with thatched roofs. The size and distribution of these settlements suggest a fairly egalitarian social structure, with little evidence of centralized authority or social stratification.
Material Culture and Technology
The Stentinello Culture is particularly noted for its distinctive pottery, characterized by intricate geometric designs incised into the surface of the clay before firing. This pottery is not only functional but also indicative of the artistic expression and cultural identity of the Stentinello people. The motifs often include hatched and zigzag patterns, sometimes filled with white paste to accentuate the design.
The people of the Stentinello Culture utilized a variety of stone tools, including sickle blades for harvesting, grinding stones for processing grain, and arrowheads, which suggest that hunting still played a complementary role in their subsistence strategies. The presence of obsidian, a volcanic glass, indicates trade or contact with other Mediterranean cultures, as the material was sourced from distant locations like Lipari or Pantelleria.
Burial Practices and Spiritual Beliefs
Little is known about the specific spiritual beliefs of the Stentinello Culture due to the scarcity of direct evidence. However, their burial practices provide some insight into their customs and social structure. Excavations have uncovered graves that suggest varying burial treatments, possibly reflecting status or differing roles within their communities. The inclusion of pottery and tools in graves indicates a belief in an afterlife or at least a practice of honoring the dead with offerings.
Interaction with Other Cultures
As part of the broader Mediterranean Neolithic, the Stentinello Culture likely interacted with contemporary cultures around the Mediterranean basin. The movement of goods such as obsidian and the diffusion of agricultural techniques underscore a network of exchange and communication between regions. This interaction would have facilitated the spread of innovations and cultural motifs, contributing to the cultural evolution in Sicily.
Legacy and Significance
The Stentinello Culture represents a pivotal period in the prehistoric development of Sicily, marking the island's first widespread adoption of agriculture and settled life, which laid the groundwork for subsequent cultural advancements. While much of their material culture, like pottery, set a precedent for future Sicilian cultures, their subsistence strategies and societal organization influenced the trajectory of human settlement and development on the island.
Overall, the Stentinello Culture provides critical insights into early human adaptation to the Mediterranean environment, showcasing the complex interplay of technology, society, and the natural world in shaping human history.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ033) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ033) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample UZZ033 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
UZZ033,0.10873882,0.15944028,0.0083223,-0.06062788,0.04877612,-0.02918034,-0.00371846,0.00371518,0.0427375,0.06461116,-0.00085182,0.0098974,-0.015971,-0.01260384,-0.0127765,0.00719416,0.01168848,0.00084056,0.00104682,-0.00160444,0.00150696,0.00606238,-0.01200168,-0.01787848,0.00308068
Genomic and dietary discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Sicily
Sicily is a key region for understanding the agricultural transition in the Mediterranean because of its central position. Here, we present genomic and stable isotopic data for 19 prehistoric Sicilians covering the Mesolithic to Bronze Age periods (10,700-4,100 yBP). We find that Early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) from Sicily are a highly drifted lineage of the Early Holocene western European HGs, whereas Late Mesolithic HGs carry ∼20% ancestry related to northern and (south) eastern European HGs, indicating substantial gene flow. Early Neolithic farmers are genetically most similar to farmers from the Balkans and Greece, with only ∼7% of ancestry from local Mesolithic HGs. The genetic discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic match the changes in material culture and diet. Three outlying individuals dated to ∼8,000 yBP; however, suggest that hunter-gatherers interacted with incoming farmers at Grotta dell'Uzzo, resulting in a mixed economy and diet for a brief interlude at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition.