A woman buried in Italy in the Mesolithic era
The Late Mesolithic Castelnovian culture, spanning approximately from the 7th to the 5th millennium BC, represents a significant period in the prehistory of Sicily, Italy. This era reflects the broader characteristics of the Mesolithic within the Mediterranean context, marked by the transition from a Pleistocene hunter-gatherer lifestyle to increasingly complex social structures that would eventually give rise to Neolithic practices.
Environmental Context
During the Late Mesolithic, Sicily was characterized by a diverse range of environments, from coastal areas to mountainous interior regions. The island's climate was relatively stable, with mild temperatures and seasonal rainfall, supporting rich biodiversity. This included a wide variety of plant species and animal life, providing ample resources for a hunter-gatherer society. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea also offered marine resources, contributing to a mixed subsistence strategy.
Subsistence and Economy
The Castelnovian culture is marked by a diversified subsistence economy. The inhabitants of Sicily during this period relied heavily on wild game, including deer, wild boar, and smaller mammals, which were abundant in the region's forests. Fishing and shellfish collection were also significant components of their diet, evidenced by the presence of fish bones and shell middens at archaeological sites.
Gathering of plant foods played a crucial role, including the harvesting of wild cereals, nuts, berries, and other edible plants. This broad-spectrum economy allowed the Mesolithic peoples to adapt to different environmental zones across Sicily. Seasonal mobility likely played a role in their subsistence strategy, allowing them to exploit different resources at optimal times of the year.
Material Culture and Technology
The Castelnovian material culture is distinguished by its specific lithic technology. Stone tool assemblages from this period feature microliths, geometric tools such as trapezes and segments, which were likely used as barbs for composite tools and hunting implements like arrows and spears. The production of these tools involves advanced knapping techniques, displaying a high level of skill and understanding of raw materials.
Besides lithics, organic materials like bone and antler were also utilized, though less frequently preserved in archaeological contexts. These materials would have been used to produce tools, ornaments, and potentially even musical instruments, showcasing the versatile use of available resources.
Social Structure and Settlement Patterns
The Castelnovian culture likely comprised small, mobile bands or groups that formed part of a larger network across Sicily and into the broader Mediterranean region. Evidence suggests a semi-nomadic lifestyle with seasonal camps rather than permanent settlements. Archaeological sites show a preference for strategic locations, often near water sources or along coastal areas, facilitating access to diverse resources.
Social organization remains somewhat speculative, but the complexity of tool production and the management of resources imply a level of social cooperation and perhaps the beginning of social stratification. Exchanges with neighboring groups are suggested by the movement of lithic raw materials and finished tools, indicating early trade or interaction networks.
Art and Symbolism
While not as prominent as in some other prehistoric cultures, there are subtle indications of symbolic practices among the Castelnovian people. This could include personal adornments made from shells and animal teeth or pigments used for body decoration, hinting at social or ritual significance.
Transition to the Neolithic
The late Mesolithic in Sicily is crucial for understanding the transition towards the Neolithic. The adoption of agriculture and domesticated animals gradually replaced the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of the Castelnovian culture. This shift likely involved interaction with incoming Neolithic farmers from the Italian mainland or other parts of the Mediterranean, leading to a cultural and technological fusion.
Conclusion
The Late Mesolithic Castelnovian culture in Sicily represents a dynamic period of adaptation and innovation. As skilled hunters and gatherers, these peoples successfully exploited their rich natural environment while laying the foundations for Neolithic developments. Understanding the Castelnovian culture offers valuable insights into the transitional processes that shaped prehistoric societies in the Mediterranean region.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ069) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ069) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample UZZ069 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
UZZ069,0.1325392,0.12103188,0.083561,0.0726574,0.04092754,0.03197872,0.00734754,0.0150469,-7.18E-06,-0.02670518,-0.00065478,-0.00418874,0.01058316,0.00957066,0.00387588,0.00085556,-0.00075448,-0.0020576,0.00377586,0.00097592,0.00389258,-0.00322702,-0.00381954,0.0090983,0.00127184
Genomic and dietary discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Sicily
Sicily is a key region for understanding the agricultural transition in the Mediterranean because of its central position. Here, we present genomic and stable isotopic data for 19 prehistoric Sicilians covering the Mesolithic to Bronze Age periods (10,700-4,100 yBP). We find that Early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) from Sicily are a highly drifted lineage of the Early Holocene western European HGs, whereas Late Mesolithic HGs carry ∼20% ancestry related to northern and (south) eastern European HGs, indicating substantial gene flow. Early Neolithic farmers are genetically most similar to farmers from the Balkans and Greece, with only ∼7% of ancestry from local Mesolithic HGs. The genetic discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic match the changes in material culture and diet. Three outlying individuals dated to ∼8,000 yBP; however, suggest that hunter-gatherers interacted with incoming farmers at Grotta dell'Uzzo, resulting in a mixed economy and diet for a brief interlude at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition.