A woman buried in Italy in the Mesolithic era
The Early Mesolithic period in Sicily, which is part of the broader Mediterranean Mesolithic epoch, represents a significant era in the prehistoric development of human societies within this island and offers compelling insights into the adaptive strategies of hunter-gatherer communities in the Mediterranean basin. Dating from approximately 10,000 to 8,000 BCE, this epoch marks a transitional phase following the end of the last Ice Age, characterized by significant environmental, technological, and cultural transformations.
Environment and Climate: During the Early Mesolithic period, Sicily experienced considerable climatic and ecological transformations. As the Pleistocene epoch concluded, glacial retreat resulted in rising sea levels, which altered coastlines and led to the separation of Sicily from the Italian mainland. This change significantly impacted the local flora and fauna. The climate became warmer and more temperate, fostering the expansion of forests dominated by oak, pine, and other deciduous trees. These environmental shifts created diverse ecosystems rich in resources, promoting a broad spectrum of subsistence strategies for human inhabitants.
Communities and Social Structure: Early Mesolithic communities in Sicily were likely organized into small, mobile bands that relied heavily on the diverse resources available in their landscapes. The social structures of these groups were relatively egalitarian, as inferred from the lack of pronounced social stratification in archaeological findings. Kinship and family ties played a crucial role in structuring these societies, which were characterized by a high degree of mobility to exploit seasonal resources effectively.
Subsistence and Economy: The Sicilian Mesolithic was primarily characterized by a hunter-gatherer economy. Archaeological evidence indicates a reliance on both terrestrial and marine resources, reflecting the adaptive strategies to the environmental conditions on the island. Faunal remains from archaeological sites reveal the hunting of deer, wild boar, and small mammals, as well as the gathering of plant resources like nuts, fruits, and tubers. The proximity to the sea also facilitated fishing and the collection of shellfish, contributing to a varied and rich diet.
Technology and Material Culture: Technological developments during this period were marked by the refinement of microlithic stone tools, which were often used to create composite tools such as arrows, spears, and harpoons. The craftsmanship of these tools reflects significant skill and innovation, allowing for more efficient hunting and processing of resources. In addition to lithic technology, the use of organic materials such as bone, antler, and wood was prevalent. Decorative and utilitarian artifacts, though sparse, suggest an emerging complexity in material culture.
Settlement Patterns: Settlement patterns in Mesolithic Sicily were characterized by temporary and seasonal campsites, which facilitated the mobility required for effective resource exploitation. These sites were often strategically located to maximize access to diverse ecological zones, including coastal, forest, and riverine environments. Evidence of hearths, tool-making debris, and post-hole alignments at some sites offer insights into the domestic activities and spatial organization of these communities.
Cultural and Ritual Practices: Although evidence is limited, certain archaeological findings suggest the presence of ritualistic behavior and symbolic practices. The discovery of burials, sometimes with grave goods, indicates an emerging complexity in spiritual and ritual life. These practices may have involved beliefs related to the afterlife or ancestral reverence, reflecting early expressions of symbolic thought and cultural identity.
Legacy and Influence: The Early Mesolithic period in Sicily laid foundational elements for subsequent cultural and technological developments. This era paved the way for the dramatic shifts of the Neolithic, as new technologies and agricultural practices began to emerge. The adaptation and innovations of these Early Mesolithic peoples highlight their role in shaping the cultural trajectory of prehistoric Sicily, rendering them a crucial precursor to the island's enduring human narrative.
In conclusion, the Early Mesolithic period in Sicily represents a dynamic and pivotal epoch in human history. Through adaptive strategies and innovations, the inhabitants of Mesolithic Sicily navigated a rapidly changing environment, setting the stage for the complex societies that would eventually flourish in this region.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ096) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (UZZ096) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample UZZ096 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
UZZ096,0.13476812,0.11689084,0.07229124,0.06402588,0.03832012,0.0275943,0.00681528,0.01157392,0.0024836,-0.01677934,-0.005296,0.00042692,0.00830698,0.00604438,0.00541888,0.00238146,-0.00481212,-0.00016722,0.00173538,0.00086466,0.00476602,5.288E-05,0.00211218,0.0066045,-0.00081039
Genomic and dietary discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Sicily
Sicily is a key region for understanding the agricultural transition in the Mediterranean because of its central position. Here, we present genomic and stable isotopic data for 19 prehistoric Sicilians covering the Mesolithic to Bronze Age periods (10,700-4,100 yBP). We find that Early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) from Sicily are a highly drifted lineage of the Early Holocene western European HGs, whereas Late Mesolithic HGs carry ∼20% ancestry related to northern and (south) eastern European HGs, indicating substantial gene flow. Early Neolithic farmers are genetically most similar to farmers from the Balkans and Greece, with only ∼7% of ancestry from local Mesolithic HGs. The genetic discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic match the changes in material culture and diet. Three outlying individuals dated to ∼8,000 yBP; however, suggest that hunter-gatherers interacted with incoming farmers at Grotta dell'Uzzo, resulting in a mixed economy and diet for a brief interlude at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition.