A man buried in Spain in the Middle Ages era

I8145
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I8145
Date:
1300 CE - 1500 CE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H
Y-DNA:
J-M304
Cultural Period:
Late Muslim Nazari Period, Spain
Location
Country:
Spain
Locality:
Granada
Coordinates:
37.1461, -3.5913
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Muslim Nazari Period, officially known as the Nasrid Dynasty, marks a significant chapter in the history of Islamic Spain, specifically within the region of Al-Andalus. This era spans from 1238 to 1492, representing the final Islamic dynasty in Iberian Peninsula before the Reconquista concluded with the Fall of Granada. It is a time that encapsulated both cultural flourishing and political turbulence, set against the backdrop of the broader Islamic Golden Age.

Historical Context:

The Nasrid Dynasty came into power following the decline of the Almohad Caliphate, at a time when Christian kingdoms such as Castile and Aragon were gaining momentum in the north, steadily capturing formerly Muslim territories. Established by Muhammad I ibn al-Ahmar in 1238, the Nasrids maintained control over the Emirate of Granada, which encompassed the provinces of modern-day Granada, Almería, and Málaga.

Political Landscape:

The political existence of the Nasrid Emirate was marked by complex diplomacy and shifting allegiances. To preserve its autonomy, the nascent state often engaged in tributary relationships with the more powerful Christian kingdoms, paying tribute to Castilian kings to stave off invasions while attempting to align with other Muslim or North African powers. This balancing act allowed the Nasrids to retain control for over 250 years, though it also set the stage for military and political vulnerability.

Cultural Achievements:

Despite political difficulties, the Nasrid period is acclaimed for its substantial contributions to art, architecture, and culture, making Granada the last bastion of Islamic artistic and intellectual life in Spain.

  • Architecture: The architectural legacy of the Nasrids is epitomized by the Alhambra in Granada, an exquisite palace complex and fortress renowned for its stunning Islamic art and architectural sophistication. Characterized by intricate stucco work, fountains, gardens, and the innovative use of space, the Alhambra embodies the zenith of Islamic aesthetic in medieval Spain.

  • Art and Intellectual Life: The Nasrids nurtured a vibrant cultural milieu that attracted scholars, poets, and artists. Their courts were centers of learning, replete with libraries that housed works on science, philosophy, and literature. Poetry and music flourished, with court poets weaving verses that celebrated the emirate’s splendor and scholarly pursuits.

  • Economy: Granada’s economy during the Nasrid period was robust, driven by agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship. The region was known for its production of silk and other goods that were traded throughout the Mediterranean. The Alpujarras mountains facilitated the implementation of advanced irrigation techniques, significantly boosting agricultural productivity.

Social and Religious Life:

Social structure within the Nasrid Kingdom was diverse, with Muslims constituting the majority, alongside significant Jewish and Christian communities. The convivencia (coexistence) was not always harmonious but did allow for a certain degree of cultural and religious exchange and cooperation, contributing to a diverse societal fabric.

Decline and Fall:

The twilight of the Nasrid period coincided with the consolidation of power by the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. The strategic unification of their kingdoms and the military campaign against Muslim-held territories culminated in the Granada War (1482-1492). On January 2, 1492, the city of Granada fell to the Christian forces, marking the formal end of Muslim rule in Spain. This event effectively concluded the Reconquista and set the stage for the Spanish Inquisition and subsequent expulsion of Jews and Muslims.

In summary, the Late Muslim Nasrid Period in Spain is emblematic of cultural brilliance amidst political challenges. It was a time when the last vestiges of Islamic rule on the Iberian Peninsula shined with artistic and intellectual enlightenment, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to captivate historians, architects, and cultural enthusiasts today.

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I8214 Greek Period Spain 500 BCE Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain View
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I11301 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3500 BCE Basque Country, Spain View
I11306 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I11305 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I11303 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
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I12855 Early Bronze Age Spain 1880 BCE Ciudad Real. Terrinches. Castillejo del Bonete, Spain View
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I12561 Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain 700 BCE Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I12560 Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain 700 BCE Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I12640 Iron Age Spain 700 BCE Barcelona. Can Roqueta-Can Revella, Spain View
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I12645 Islamic Period Spain 1100 CE Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain View
I12642 Iron Age Spain 733 BCE Barcelona. Can Roqueta II, Spain View
I12644 Islamic Period Spain 1100 CE Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain View
I12643 Iron Age Spain 758 BCE Barcelona. Can Roqueta II, Spain View
I4556 Iron Age Spain 700 BCE Catalonia. Barcelona. Avinyonet del Penedés. Font de la Canya, Spain View
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I3320 Iron Age Spain 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I3321 Iron Age Spain 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I7162 Early Bronze Age Spain 1881 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. Chiclana de la Frontera. Loma del Puerco, Spain View
I10852 Medieval Spain 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10853 Medieval Spain 993 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I8570 Late Bronze Age Spain 1300 BCE Castellón. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
I12032 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I3496 Iron Age Spain 300 BCE Catalonia. Barcelona.Cerdanyola. Turó de Ca n’Oliver, Spain View
I3583 Visigothic Period Granada, Spain 400 CE Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain View
I10897 Medieval Spain 1040 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I7423 Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I2469 Late Bronze Age Spain 971 BCE Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain View
I7427 Islamic Period Spain 900 CE Granada. Calle Panaderos 21-23, Spain View
I12171 Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain 779 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I3584 Visigothic Period Granada, Spain 400 CE Granada. Ventas de Zafarraya, Spain View
I11304 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I4055 Roman Period Spain 200 CE Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain View
I3809 Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I10851 Medieval Spain 887 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I12164 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12033 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I7679 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I10899 Hunter-Gatherer Spain 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I12030 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I7595 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I8140 Chalcolithic Spain 2121 BCE Granada. Monachil, Spain View
I6491 Roman Period Spain 200 CE Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain View
I8155 Chalcolithic Spain 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I7426 Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I12650 Islamic Period Spain 1100 CE Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain View
I10282 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7160 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4042 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I12173 Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain 700 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I10854 Medieval Spain 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I12029 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I8157 Chalcolithic Spain 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I8571 1800 BCE Castell. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
I8140 2121 BCE Granada. Monachil, Spain View
I10899 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I4055 200 CE Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain View
I4246 2401 BCE Madrid. San Fernando de Henares. Camino de las Yeseras, Spain View
I3583 400 CE Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain View
I2469 971 BCE Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain View
I7160 4042 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I3584 400 CE Granada. Ventas de Zafarraya, Spain View
I7162 1881 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. Chiclana de la Frontera. Loma del Puerco, Spain View
I3809 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I7423 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I7426 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I7679 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I10282 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7595 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I8155 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I8157 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I8570 1300 BCE Castellón. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
I11304 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10899 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I10897 1040 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10854 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10851 887 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10852 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10853 993 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I12030 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12032 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12029 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12033 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12171 779 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I12173 700 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I12164 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12650 1100 CE Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain View
I3320 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I3321 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I7427 900 CE Granada. Calle Panaderos 21-23, Spain View
I3496 300 BCE Catalonia. Barcelona.Cerdanyola. Turó de Ca n’Oliver, Spain View
I2470 1412 BCE Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain View
I6491 200 CE Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain View
I10287 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10899 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I8571 1800 BCE Castell. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I8145 Late Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1300 CE Granada, Spain View
I8146 Late Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1300 CE Granada, Spain View
I8147 Late Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1300 CE Granada, Spain View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I8145) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 37%
European Hunter-Gatherers 31%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 22%
Ancient Asians 10%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I8145) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 69%
Southern European 61%
Balkan 35.1%
Iberian 18.3%
Sardinian 7.7%
Northwestern European 8%
Northwestern European 6.7%
English 1.5%
Africa 19%
North African 14%
North African 13.7%
Northern East African 3%
Ethiopian 2.9%
African Hunter-Gatherer 2%
African Hunter-Gatherer 2.3%
Asia 11%
Arab, Egyptian & Levantine 10%
Levantine 10.4%
Northern West Asian 0%
Oceania 1%
Melanesian 1%
Papuan 1.3%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I8145 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I8145,0.07181996,0.12769742,0.02551308,-0.00546066,0.02917764,-0.00210478,-0.00164524,0.00228434,0.0201638,0.00866222,-0.00717414,0.0080769,-0.01530866,-0.00549114,0.01417436,-0.0065174,-0.00672882,-0.00320312,-0.0017074,0.00231242,0.0075694,0.003473,-0.00587286,-0.00557024,-0.00010748
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years
Authors:
Olalde I, Mallick S, Patterson N
Abstract:

We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE and, by ~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.

Link:
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