A woman buried in Portugal in the Middle Bronze Age era

I8045
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I8045
Date:
1700 BCE - 1300 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
U5b
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Middle Bronze Age Portugal
Location
Country:
Portugal
Locality:
Setúbal. Melides. Casas Velhas
Coordinates:
38.1988, -8.7100
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Middle Bronze Age in Portugal is a fascinating and transformative era situated within the broader cultural framework of the Atlantic Bronze Age, approximately dated from 1800 to 1100 BCE. This period marked significant developments in social organization, technology, and trade within the region now known as Portugal, situated on the Iberian Peninsula.

Geographic and Environmental Context

Portugal during this time was characterized by a diverse range of landscapes, from the rugged Atlantic coastline to the fertile river valleys and the expansive interior plains. The Atlantic Ocean played a crucial role in shaping the climate, which was generally temperate but varied across different regions. The natural environment provided resources such as timber, metals, and agricultural opportunities, which heavily influenced the lifestyle and economy of Middle Bronze Age societies.

Cultural and Social Structures

The societies in Middle Bronze Age Portugal were primarily organized into small, tribal communities that occupied fortified settlements known as castros. These settlements were strategically located on hilltops or other defensible positions and often surrounded by walls and ditches for protection. The social structure was predominantly tribal, with kinship playing a crucial role in the organization of societies. The influence of local chieftains and a warrior aristocracy suggests a hierarchical society with emerging social stratification.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy during this period was based on a combination of agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, and gathering. The fertile river valleys supported the cultivation of crops such as barley, wheat, and legumes, while pastoral activities included the herding of sheep, goats, and cattle. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and numerous rivers facilitated fishing and trade, contributing to a diverse subsistence economy.

Metalworking, particularly the production of bronze tools and weapons, was a hallmark of this era. The presence of native copper and tin resources in the Iberian Peninsula allowed for the local production of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. This technological advancement facilitated the emergence of specialized crafts and trade networks, as bronze items became a crucial component of both daily life and military endeavors.

Trade and Interaction

Middle Bronze Age Portugal was part of a broader network of trade and cultural exchange that stretched across the Atlantic seaboard, incorporating regions as far north as the British Isles and as far south as North Africa. The Atlantic Bronze Age is characterized by extensive maritime trade, facilitated by advances in seafaring technology. Trade items likely included metals, pottery, textiles, salt, and possibly amber, alongside the exchange of cultural practices and technological knowledge.

The exchange with neighboring regions contributed to the cultural syncretism observed in archaeological findings, such as the adoption of new pottery styles and burial practices. This suggests that Middle Bronze Age communities were not isolated, but rather dynamic participants in a broader Atlantic cultural sphere.

Religion and Rituals

Religious beliefs during the Middle Bronze Age in Portugal were likely animistic and polytheistic, centered around natural elements and possibly ancestor worship. The archaeological record, though limited, points to the construction of megalithic structures and stone monuments, which were possibly used for ceremonial purposes. These structures reflect a continuity from the previous Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, indicating deeply rooted spiritual traditions.

Burial practices varied, with evidence of both individual and collective burials, often accompanied by grave goods such as pottery, jewelry, and weapons. These practices provide insight into the beliefs surrounding death and the afterlife, highlighting the importance of the deceased in maintaining social cohesion and continuity.

Technological and Artistic Developments

The technological landscape of Middle Bronze Age Portugal was marked by the widespread use of bronze tools and weapons, including swords, axes, and spearheads. The production of these items required sophisticated knowledge of metallurgy and craftsmanship, which spurred the development of specialized labor.

Artistic expression is evident in the pottery, metalwork, and personal adornments from this period. Pottery styles exhibit regional variation and innovation in form and decoration, while metal objects such as fibulae, torcs, and armlets display aesthetic sophistication and technical skill.

Legacy and Influence

The Middle Bronze Age in Portugal laid the foundations for subsequent cultural developments during the Late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. The advances in metallurgy, trade networks, and social organization established during this era had a lasting impact on the cultural evolution of the region.

In summary, the Middle Bronze Age in Portugal represents a period of dynamic change and cultural integration within the Atlantic Bronze Age. The interplay of local resources, technological innovation, and external influences shaped a distinctive and resilient culture that contributed significantly to the historical trajectory of the Iberian Peninsula.

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I10287 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I2470 Middle Bronze Age Spain 1412 BCE Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain View
I3320 Iron Age Spain 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I3321 Iron Age Spain 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I7162 Early Bronze Age Spain 1881 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. Chiclana de la Frontera. Loma del Puerco, Spain View
I10852 Medieval Spain 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10853 Medieval Spain 993 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I8570 Late Bronze Age Spain 1300 BCE Castellón. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
I12032 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I3496 Iron Age Spain 300 BCE Catalonia. Barcelona.Cerdanyola. Turó de Ca n’Oliver, Spain View
I3583 Visigothic Period Granada, Spain 400 CE Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain View
I10897 Medieval Spain 1040 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I7423 Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I2469 Late Bronze Age Spain 971 BCE Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain View
I7427 Islamic Period Spain 900 CE Granada. Calle Panaderos 21-23, Spain View
I12171 Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain 779 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I3584 Visigothic Period Granada, Spain 400 CE Granada. Ventas de Zafarraya, Spain View
I11304 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I4055 Roman Period Spain 200 CE Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain View
I3809 Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I10851 Medieval Spain 887 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I12164 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12033 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I7679 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I10899 Hunter-Gatherer Spain 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I12030 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I7595 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I8140 Chalcolithic Spain 2121 BCE Granada. Monachil, Spain View
I6491 Roman Period Spain 200 CE Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain View
I8155 Chalcolithic Spain 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I7426 Muslim Nazari Period, Spain 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I12650 Islamic Period Spain 1100 CE Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain View
I10282 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7160 Middle to Late Neolithic Spain 4042 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I12173 Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain 700 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I10854 Medieval Spain 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I12029 Visigothic Period Girona, Spain 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I8157 Chalcolithic Spain 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I8571 1800 BCE Castell. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
I8140 2121 BCE Granada. Monachil, Spain View
I10899 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I4055 200 CE Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain View
I4246 2401 BCE Madrid. San Fernando de Henares. Camino de las Yeseras, Spain View
I3583 400 CE Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain View
I2469 971 BCE Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain View
I7160 4042 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I3584 400 CE Granada. Ventas de Zafarraya, Spain View
I7162 1881 BCE Andalusia. Cádiz. Chiclana de la Frontera. Loma del Puerco, Spain View
I3809 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I7423 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I7426 1500 CE Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain View
I7679 4300 BCE Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain View
I10282 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I7595 3518 BCE Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain View
I8155 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I8157 2900 BCE Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain View
I8570 1300 BCE Castellón. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
I11304 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10899 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I10897 1040 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10854 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10851 887 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10852 990 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I10853 993 CE Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain View
I12030 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12032 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12029 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12033 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12171 779 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I12173 700 BCE Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain View
I12164 500 CE Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain View
I12650 1100 CE Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain View
I3320 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I3321 300 BCE Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain View
I7427 900 CE Granada. Calle Panaderos 21-23, Spain View
I3496 300 BCE Catalonia. Barcelona.Cerdanyola. Turó de Ca n’Oliver, Spain View
I2470 1412 BCE Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain View
I6491 200 CE Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain View
I10287 3400 BCE Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain View
I10899 40000 BCE Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain View
I8571 1800 BCE Castell. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I8045 Middle Bronze Age Portugal 1700 BCE Setúbal. Melides. Casas Velhas, Portugal View
MonteGato104 Middle Bronze Age Portugal 1728 BCE Monte do Gato de Cima 3, Portugal View
TV3831 Middle Bronze Age Portugal 1800 BCE Torre Velha 3, Portugal View
TV32032extra Middle Bronze Age Portugal 1800 BCE Torre Velha 3, Portugal View
ValeOuro10207 Middle Bronze Age Portugal 1800 BCE Monte do Vale do Ouro 2, Portugal View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I8045) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 40%
European Hunter-Gatherers 27%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 15%
Ancient Oceanians 13%
Ancient Native Americans 3%
Ancient Asians 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I8045) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 88%
Southern European 88%
Iberian 80.9%
Sardinian 7.6%
Asia 6%
Northern West Asian 6%
Cypriot 6.3%
Oceania 3%
Melanesian 3%
Papuan 3.5%
America 1%
America 1%
Native American 1.3%
Africa 1%
Congolese & Southern East African 1%
South East African 0.5%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I8045 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I8045,0.11114512,0.11288736,0.04225068,0.01205988,0.03202668,-0.00911012,0.00251794,0.0086525,0.01846898,0.0180387,-0.00095888,0.00401208,-0.0060281,-0.00827726,0.00154022,-0.00373162,-0.01663066,-0.00281352,-0.00564298,-0.00418284,0.00571646,0.00786864,-0.01493272,-0.00697648,-0.00034864
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years
Authors:
Olalde I, Mallick S, Patterson N
Abstract:

We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE and, by ~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.

Link:
View Publication
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