A woman buried in Spain in the Late Antiquity era

The Roman period in Spain, also known as Hispania, was a time of significant transformation and development. This era commenced in the late 3rd century BCE with the Roman Republic's expansion into the Iberian Peninsula during the Punic Wars and continued through the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE. The integration of Hispania into the Roman Empire brought about profound changes in its social, economic, political, and cultural landscapes.

Historical Context and Conquest:

The Romans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BCE during the Second Punic War against Carthage. By 19 BCE, under Emperor Augustus, Hispania was fully subjugated. The region was organized into several provinces over time, including Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior, which later transitioned into Baetica, Lusitania, and Tarraconensis. Each of these provinces had its own local governance structure aligned with Roman law.

Urbanization and Infrastructure:

The Roman period saw extensive urbanization in Hispania. Cities like Tarraco (modern Tarragona), Emerita Augusta (Mérida), Hispalis (Seville), and Corduba (Córdoba) flourished and became centers of Roman culture. Roman architecture introduced amphitheaters, aqueducts, baths, and roads, which remain as enduring legacies. The Via Augusta, a significant Roman road, facilitated movement and trade across the peninsula.

Economy and Agriculture:

Economically, Hispania was a crucial part of the Roman Empire. It was renowned for its mineral wealth, particularly gold, silver, and iron, with significant mining operations in places like Las Médulas. Agriculture thrived, producing olive oil, wine, and grain, which were exported across the empire. The latifundia system, large estates worked by slaves, characterized agricultural production.

Society and Culture:

Roman rule brought about significant cultural assimilation, blending indigenous Iberian traditions with Roman customs. Latin became the dominant language, influencing the evolution of the Romance languages, including Spanish. Roman law and citizenship became pillars of society, and many locals adopted Roman names and titles. Roman religion, mythology, and rituals merged with indigenous practices, although later, Christianity began to spread, establishing deep roots in Hispania by the late Roman period.

Military Significance:

Hispania was also strategically important for the Roman military, serving as both a recruitment ground for soldiers and a defensive bulwark in the empire’s western territories. Roman legions stationed in Hispania helped maintain peace and order, further integrating the region into the imperial system.

Decline and Legacy:

The decline of Roman Hispania began in earnest in the late 4th century CE when the empire faced internal strife and external threats. In the early 5th century, various Germanic tribes, including the Visigoths and Vandals, invaded Hispania, marking the beginning of the end for Roman rule. By 476 CE, as the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the Visigoths established their own kingdom in Hispania.

Conclusion:

The Roman period in Spain fundamentally shaped the Iberian Peninsula’s identity and laid the groundwork for its future political and cultural developments. The enduring legacy of Roman law, language, and infrastructure continued to influence the region long after the empire's decline, underpinning subsequent historical developments in medieval, modern, and contemporary Spain.

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Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3980) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3980) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample I3980 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years