A woman buried in Spain in the Middle Bronze Age era

The Middle Bronze Age in Spain, which is part of the broader European Bronze Age, is a fascinating period marked by significant cultural, social, and technological developments. This era, roughly spanning from 1800 to 1500 BCE, is characterized by the emergence of more complex societies, advancements in metallurgy, and the establishment of long-distance trade networks.
Geographical and Cultural Context
Middle Bronze Age Spain encompasses a diverse set of cultures and societies spread across the Iberian Peninsula. The geography of the region, with its mountainous terrains, fertile river valleys, and extensive coastlines, played a pivotal role in shaping the societies of this era. Different regions exhibited distinct cultural traits due to their unique environmental contexts and varying degrees of interaction with other regions.
Society and Settlement Patterns
During the Middle Bronze Age, societies in Spain became more hierarchical and stratified. The rise of proto-urban centers and fortified settlements suggests an increase in social complexity. These settlements were often strategically located on elevated grounds, providing defensive advantages, and were surrounded by agricultural lands.
Many communities consisted of small hamlets and villages engaged in mixed farming economies, relying on both agriculture and animal husbandry. There was an increased emphasis on cereal cultivation, with grains like barley and wheat being staple crops. Livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats were also vital, providing not only meat but also secondary products like milk and wool.
Technological and Metallurgical Advances
The Middle Bronze Age in Spain is marked by significant advancements in metallurgy. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was extensively used for creating tools, weapons, and ornaments. The availability of copper and tin resources, either locally or through trade, facilitated this metallurgical evolution.
The production of bronze tools and weapons led to improvements in agriculture, warfare, and craft production. Metalworking skills became more sophisticated, leading to a variety of intricate objects, including swords, daggers, axes, and decorative items like jewelry and pins. These developments indicate a specialized crafting class within the society.
Trade and Interaction
Spain's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean and Atlantic facilitated trade and cultural exchanges with neighboring regions. Middle Bronze Age Spain engaged in long-distance trade networks, importing raw materials like tin and exotic goods such as ivory, amber, and faience beads. There is evidence of maritime trade, with coastal communities playing crucial roles in exchanges with the British Isles, the eastern Mediterranean, and North Africa.
The trade networks not only brought goods but also new ideas and cultural influences, which were instrumental in shaping local societies. This period saw the diffusion of technological innovations, artistic styles, and possibly new forms of social organization.
Art and Religion
The artistic expressions of Middle Bronze Age Spain were heavily influenced by both indigenous traditions and external contacts. Artifacts from this period often reflect skilled craftsmanship and aesthetic sensibilities. Pottery, metalwork, and stone sculptures are prominent, with designs and motifs suggesting symbolic and possibly religious meanings.
Religious practices during this time likely involved both naturalistic and cosmological elements. Archaeological evidence points to the importance of natural features in spiritual beliefs, with water bodies, caves, and mountains often considered sacred. Burial practices varied, with both individual and collective tombs, indicating a complex set of beliefs about death and the afterlife. The presence of grave goods highlights the status differences and the role of ritual in expressing social hierarchy.
Legacy and Influence
The developments during the Middle Bronze Age in Spain laid the groundwork for the subsequent phases of the Bronze Age and the eventual transition to the Iron Age. The advances in technology, social organization, and trade practices continued to influence Iberian societies for centuries.
The period served as a crucible for the formation of more complex polities, which would later culminate in the rise of significant cultural groups such as the Tartessians and Celtiberians. Middle Bronze Age Spain represents an integral chapter in the broader narrative of European prehistory, illustrating the intricate web of human interactions, environmental adaptations, and technological innovations.
Sample ID | Culture/Period | Date | Location | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
I3807 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I3981 | Roman Period Spain | 400 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Paseíllos universitarios-Fuentenueva, Spain | View |
I2472 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1533 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I1310 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 2000 BCE | Barcelona. Sabadell. Can Roquetes, Spain | View |
I0843 | Hunter-Gatherer Spain | 6015 BCE | Castilla y León. León. La Brana-Arintero, Spain | View |
I1977 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1613 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I3322 | Iron Age Spain | 600 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vinaròs. Puig de la Misericordia, Spain | View |
I3324 | Iron Age Spain | 359 BCE | Girona. Ullastret. Puig de Sant Andreu, Spain | View |
I3432 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3081 BCE | Évora. Reguengos de Monsaraz. Perdigões, Portugal | View |
I3485 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 2300 BCE | Ciudad Real. Terrinches. Castillejo del Bonete, Spain | View |
I3486 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1750 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Villena. Cabezo Redondo, Spain | View |
I3487 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1739 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Villena. Cabezo Redondo, Spain | View |
I3488 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1750 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Villena. Cabezo Redondo, Spain | View |
I3490 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1850 BCE | Burgos. La Horra, Spain | View |
I3491 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1850 BCE | Castilla y León. Valladolid. Fuente la Mora, Spain | View |
I3493 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1422 BCE | Salamanca. Aldeaseca de la Frontera. Tordillos, Spain | View |
I3574 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3575 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3577 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3578 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3579 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3581 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3775 | Visigothic Period Barcelona, Spain | 600 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I3776 | Visigothic Period Barcelona, Spain | 600 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I3777 | Visigothic Period Barcelona, Spain | 600 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I3778 | Visigothic Period Barcelona, Spain | 600 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I3808 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I3810 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I3866 | Visigothic Period Barcelona, Spain | 600 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I3576 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 421 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3494 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1928 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. La Font de la Figuera. Coveta del Frare, Spain | View |
I3323 | Iron Age Spain | 373 BCE | Girona. Ullastret. Puig de Sant Andreu, Spain | View |
I3582 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I3585 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 675 CE | Granada. Ventas de Zafarraya, Spain | View |
I3756 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 2017 BCE | Ciudad Real. Terrinches. Castillejo del Bonete, Spain | View |
I3759 | Iron Age Celtic Spain | 361 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. La Hoya, Spain | View |
I3980 | Roman Period Spain | 483 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Paseíllos universitarios-Fuentenueva, Spain | View |
I3983 | Roman Period Spain | 261 CE | Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain | View |
I4054 | Roman Period Spain | 200 CE | Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain | View |
I1836 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1684 BCE | Sitges. Barcelona. Cova del Gegant, Spain | View |
I1840 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1613 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I4562 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1741 BCE | Tarragona. Galls Carboners, Spain | View |
I4563 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1700 BCE | Tarragona. Galls Carboners, Spain | View |
I4565 | Chalcolithic Spain | 3022 BCE | Tarragona. Galls Carboners, Spain | View |
I5076 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3336 BCE | Monte Canelas 1, Portugal | View |
I3238 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2500 BCE | Asturias. Soto de las Regueras. Cueva de la Paloma, Spain | View |
I5428 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3352 BCE | Cova das Lapas, Portugal | View |
I5429 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3010 BCE | Évora. Reguengos de Monsaraz. Perdigões, Portugal | View |
I6470 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1746 BCE | Castilla y León. Burgos. Tablada de Rudrón. Virgazal, Spain | View |
I6618 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1880 BCE | Madrid. Humanejos, Spain | View |
I3209 | Hunter-Gatherer Spain | 5978 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Ares del Maestre. Cingle del Mas Nou, Spain | View |
I1311 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 2000 BCE | Barcelona. Sabadell. Can Roquetes, Spain | View |
I3484 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 2343 BCE | Ciudad Real. Terrinches. Castillejo del Bonete, Spain | View |
I6490 | Roman Period Spain | 200 CE | Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain | View |
I6492 | Roman Period Spain | 200 CE | Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain | View |
I3243 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2500 BCE | Asturias. Soto de las Regueras. Cueva de la Paloma, Spain | View |
I3997 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1874 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Paterna. Lloma de Betxí, Spain | View |
I3982 | Roman Period Spain | 200 CE | Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain | View |
I1842 | Chalcolithic Spain | 3000 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Peñacerrada-Urizaharra. Las Yurdinas II, Spain | View |
I1845 | Chalcolithic Spain | 3100 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. Alto de la Huesera, Spain | View |
I1846 | Chalcolithic Spain | 3100 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. Alto de la Huesera, Spain | View |
I1978 | Chalcolithic Spain | 3100 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. Alto de la Huesera, Spain | View |
I1982 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1735 BCE | Ondarre, Spain | View |
I7158 | Roman Period Spain | 200 CE | Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain | View |
I4558 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1700 BCE | Tarragona. Galls Carboners, Spain | View |
I4559 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1700 BCE | Tarragona. Galls Carboners, Spain | View |
I4560 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1700 BCE | Tarragona. Galls Carboners, Spain | View |
I4561 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1700 BCE | Tarragona. Galls Carboners, Spain | View |
I0839 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 2456 BCE | Almonda. Galeria da Cisterna, Portugal | View |
I7424 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I7425 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I7458 | Islamic Almohad Period Spain | 1100 CE | Granada. Alhama de Granada. Casa Cuartel Guardia Civil, Spain | View |
I7497 | Islamic Zira Period Spain | 1000 CE | Granada. Huéscar. Cueva Romero, Spain | View |
I7499 | Islamic Zira Period Spain | 1000 CE | Granada. Huéscar. Cueva Romero, Spain | View |
I7500 | Islamic Emirate Period Spain | 900 CE | Granada. Motril. Torrenueva. El Maraute, Spain | View |
I7549 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4300 BCE | Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View |
I7550 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4700 BCE | Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View |
I7588 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I7600 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4000 BCE | Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain | View |
I7602 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Mandubi Zelaia, Spain | View |
I7603 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Mandubi Zelaia, Spain | View |
I7605 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Mandubi Zelaia, Spain | View |
I7643 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3952 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain | View |
I7644 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3635 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain | View |
I7646 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3711 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain | View |
I7687 | Late Bronze Age Portugal | 1200 BCE | Coimbra. Arrifana. Gruta do Medronhal, Portugal | View |
I7688 | Late Bronze Age Portugal | 1200 BCE | Coimbra. Arrifana. Gruta do Medronhal, Portugal | View |
I7689 | Early Bronze Age Portugal | 2200 BCE | Évora. São Manços. Monte da Cabida 3, Portugal | View |
I7691 | Early Bronze Age Portugal | 2200 BCE | Évora. São Manços. Monte da Cabida 3, Portugal | View |
I7692 | Early Bronze Age Portugal | 2200 BCE | Évora. São Manços. Monte da Cabida 3, Portugal | View |
I7647 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4045 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain | View |
I7645 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3981 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain | View |
I7547 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4300 BCE | Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View |
I7587 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I7601 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3644 BCE | Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain | View |
I7606 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Mandubi Zelaia, Spain | View |
I7498 | Islamic Zira Period Spain | 1000 CE | Granada. Huéscar. Cueva Romero, Spain | View |
I7642 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 2909 BCE | Valencian Community. Alacant/Alicante. Alcoi. Les Llometes, Spain | View |
I7457 | Islamic Almohad Period Spain | 1100 CE | Granada. Alhama de Granada. Casa Cuartel Guardia Civil, Spain | View |
I7604 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Mandubi Zelaia, Spain | View |
I7672 | Carolingian Period Spain | 785 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I7673 | Carolingian Period Spain | 785 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I7674 | Carolingian Period Spain | 785 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I7675 | Carolingian Period Spain | 785 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I7676 | Carolingian Period Spain | 785 CE | Barcelona. Roda de Ter. L'Esquerda, Spain | View |
I10277 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I10278 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I10280 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I10283 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I10284 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I10285 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I10286 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I10939 | Early Bronze Age Gibraltar | 1900 BCE | Bray Cave, Gibraltar | View |
I10940 | Early Bronze Age Gibraltar | 1900 BCE | Bray Cave, Gibraltar | View |
I10941 | Early Bronze Age Gibraltar | 1900 BCE | Bray Cave, Gibraltar | View |
I10942 | Early Neolithic Gibraltar | 5500 BCE | Gibraltar. Europa 1, Gibraltar | View |
I7594 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3518 BCE | Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain | View |
I7597 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4000 BCE | Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain | View |
I7598 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3622 BCE | Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain | View |
I8045 | Middle Bronze Age Portugal | 1700 BCE | Setúbal. Melides. Casas Velhas, Portugal | View |
I8048 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2200 BCE | Granada. Arenas del Rey, Spain | View |
I8130 | Hunter-Gatherer Spain | 6064 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Dos Aguas. Cueva de la Cocina, Spain | View |
I8132 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2600 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. La Vital. Gandia, Spain | View |
I8136 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1534 BCE | Granada. Orce, Spain | View |
I8141 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2200 BCE | Granada. Arenas del Rey, Spain | View |
I8144 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1876 BCE | Granada. Orce, Spain | View |
I8145 | Late Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1300 CE | Granada, Spain | View |
I8146 | Late Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1300 CE | Granada, Spain | View |
I8147 | Late Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1300 CE | Granada, Spain | View |
I8148 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8149 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8150 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8153 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8154 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8156 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8158 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8197 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8198 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8199 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8338 | Roman Period Spain | 79 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8339 | Roman Period Spain | 125 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8340 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8341 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8343 | Roman Period Spain | 647 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8344 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8364 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2706 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8365 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2706 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8474 | Roman Period Spain | 100 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8475 | Roman Period Spain | 100 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8566 | Chalcolithic Spain | 3800 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. La Font de la Figuera. Cova de Sant Gomengo, Spain | View |
I8567 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Bocairent. La Coveta Emparetà, Spain | View |
I8568 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3496 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. Bocairent. La Coveta Emparetà, Spain | View |
I8569 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2872 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Alcalá de Xivert. Cova dels Diablets, Spain | View |
I8571 | Late Bronze Age Spain | 1800 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain | View |
I1976 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2571 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I2471 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1620 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I2473 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2916 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I3214 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Asturias. Soto de las Regueras. Cueva de la Paloma, Spain | View |
I3239 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2500 BCE | Asturias. Soto de las Regueras. Cueva de la Paloma, Spain | View |
I3277 | Chalcolithic Spain | 3150 BCE | Basque Country. Alava. Alto de la Huesera, Spain | View |
I3326 | Iron Age Spain | 250 BCE | Girona. Ullastret. Puig de Sant Andreu, Spain | View |
I3327 | Iron Age Spain | 250 BCE | Girona. Ullastret. Puig de Sant Andreu, Spain | View |
I3492 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1850 BCE | Salamanca. Aldeaseca de la Frontera. Tordillos, Spain | View |
I3757 | Iron Age Celtic Spain | 400 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. La Hoya, Spain | View |
I3758 | Iron Age Celtic Spain | 373 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. La Hoya, Spain | View |
I6622 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2600 BCE | Madrid. San Fernando de Henares. Camino de las Yeseras, Spain | View |
I8131 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2576 BCE | Valencian Community. València/Valencia. La Vital. Gandia, Spain | View |
I8202 | Roman Period Spain | 100 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8203 | Hellenistic Period Spain | 300 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8204 | Hellenistic Period Spain | 350 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8205 | Hellenistic Period Spain | 300 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8206 | Hellenistic Period Spain | 340 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8208 | Hellenistic Period Spain | 376 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8209 | Greek Period Spain | 752 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8210 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8211 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8212 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8213 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8214 | Greek Period Spain | 500 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8215 | Greek Period Spain | 746 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I8216 | Roman Period Spain | 80 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I1312 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 2000 BCE | Barcelona. Sabadell. Can Roquetes, Spain | View |
I1313 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 2000 BCE | Barcelona. Sabadell. Can Roquetes, Spain | View |
I11300 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Basque Country, Spain | View |
I11301 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Basque Country, Spain | View |
I11306 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I11305 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I11303 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I11601 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3350 BCE | Lisbon. Torres Vedras. Cabeço da Arruda I, Portugal | View |
I11614 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 2800 BCE | Torres Vedra. Bolores, Portugal | View |
I11604 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3100 BCE | Lisbon. Lourinhã. Tholos of Paimogo I, Portugal | View |
I11592 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 2800 BCE | Torres Vedra. Bolores, Portugal | View |
I11605 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3100 BCE | Lisbon. Lourinhã. Tholos of Paimogo I, Portugal | View |
I11599 | Chalcolithic Portugal | 3350 BCE | Lisbon. Torres Vedras. Cabeço da Arruda I, Portugal | View |
I8134 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4700 BCE | Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View |
I10892 | Medieval Spain | 750 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View |
I10866 | Roman Period Spain | 44 BCE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I10895 | Medieval Spain | 774 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View |
I10865 | Roman Period Spain | 100 CE | Girona. Empuries. necropolis Centre de Visitants, Spain | View |
I12031 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I12034 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I11249 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Basque Country, Spain | View |
I11248 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3500 BCE | Basque Country, Spain | View |
I12163 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I12162 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
VAD001 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1872 BCE | La Rioja. Hervías. Valdescusa, Spain | View |
VAD002 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1900 BCE | La Rioja. Hervías. Valdescusa, Spain | View |
VAD003 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1900 BCE | La Rioja. Hervías. Valdescusa, Spain | View |
VAD004 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1900 BCE | La Rioja. Hervías. Valdescusa, Spain | View |
VAD005 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1740 BCE | La Rioja. Hervías. Valdescusa, Spain | View |
EHU001 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2287 BCE | Castilla y León. Burgos. Monasterio de Rodilla. El Hundido, Spain | View |
EHU002 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2564 BCE | Castilla y León. Burgos. Monasterio de Rodilla. El Hundido, Spain | View |
I12410 | Iron Age Spain | 537 BCE | Catalonia. Barcelona. Pacs del Penedès. Mas d'en Boixos-1, Spain | View |
I12208 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1400 BCE | Castilla y León. Valladolid. San Román de Hornija. La Requejada, Spain | View |
I12209 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1400 BCE | Castilla y León. Valladolid. San Román de Hornija. La Requejada, Spain | View |
I12514 | Islamic Period Spain | 1025 CE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Betxí. Palau Castell de Betxí, Spain | View |
I12516 | Islamic Period Spain | 899 CE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vinaròs. Plaza Parroquial, Spain | View |
I12515 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Betxí. Palau Castell de Betxí, Spain | View |
I12878 | Iron Age Spain | 516 BCE | Barcelona. Pacs del Penedès. Mas d'en Boixos-1, Spain | View |
I12879 | Iron Age Spain | 725 BCE | Barcelona. Castellví de la Marca. Hort d'en Grimau, Spain | View |
I12877 | Iron Age Spain | 550 BCE | Barcelona. Pacs del Penedès. Mas d'en Boixos-1, Spain | View |
I12855 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1880 BCE | Ciudad Real. Terrinches. Castillejo del Bonete, Spain | View |
I12809 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1880 BCE | Ciudad Real. Terrinches. Castillejo del Bonete, Spain | View |
I12561 | Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain | 700 BCE | Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain | View |
I12560 | Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain | 700 BCE | Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain | View |
I12640 | Iron Age Spain | 700 BCE | Barcelona. Can Roqueta-Can Revella, Spain | View |
I12641 | Iron Age Spain | 786 BCE | Barcelona. Can Roqueta-Can Revella, Spain | View |
I12648 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View |
I12646 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View |
I12649 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View |
I12647 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View |
I12645 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View |
I12642 | Iron Age Spain | 733 BCE | Barcelona. Can Roqueta II, Spain | View |
I12644 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View |
I12643 | Iron Age Spain | 758 BCE | Barcelona. Can Roqueta II, Spain | View |
I4556 | Iron Age Spain | 700 BCE | Catalonia. Barcelona. Avinyonet del Penedés. Font de la Canya, Spain | View |
I4246 | Bell Beaker Culture, Spain | 2401 BCE | Madrid. San Fernando de Henares. Camino de las Yeseras, Spain | View |
I10287 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I2470 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1412 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I3320 | Iron Age Spain | 300 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain | View |
I3321 | Iron Age Spain | 300 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain | View |
I7162 | Early Bronze Age Spain | 1881 BCE | Andalusia. Cádiz. Chiclana de la Frontera. Loma del Puerco, Spain | View |
I10852 | Medieval Spain | 990 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View |
I10853 | Medieval Spain | 993 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View |
I8570 | Late Bronze Age Spain | 1300 BCE | Castellón. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain | View |
I12032 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I3496 | Iron Age Spain | 300 BCE | Catalonia. Barcelona.Cerdanyola. Turó de Ca n’Oliver, Spain | View |
I3583 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View |
I10897 | Medieval Spain | 1040 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View |
I7423 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I2469 | Late Bronze Age Spain | 971 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I7427 | Islamic Period Spain | 900 CE | Granada. Calle Panaderos 21-23, Spain | View |
I12171 | Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain | 779 BCE | Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain | View |
I3584 | Visigothic Period Granada, Spain | 400 CE | Granada. Ventas de Zafarraya, Spain | View |
I11304 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I4055 | Roman Period Spain | 200 CE | Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain | View |
I3809 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I10851 | Medieval Spain | 887 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View |
I12164 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I12033 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I7679 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4300 BCE | Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View |
I10899 | Hunter-Gatherer Spain | 40000 BCE | Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain | View |
I12030 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I7595 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3518 BCE | Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain | View |
I8140 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2121 BCE | Granada. Monachil, Spain | View |
I6491 | Roman Period Spain | 200 CE | Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain | View |
I8155 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I7426 | Muslim Nazari Period, Spain | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View |
I12650 | Islamic Period Spain | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View |
I10282 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View |
I7160 | Middle to Late Neolithic Spain | 4042 BCE | Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View |
I12173 | Iron Age Tartessian Culture, Spain | 700 BCE | Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain | View |
I10854 | Medieval Spain | 990 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View |
I12029 | Visigothic Period Girona, Spain | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View |
I8157 | Chalcolithic Spain | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View |
I8571 | 1800 BCE | Castell. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain | View | |
I8140 | 2121 BCE | Granada. Monachil, Spain | View | |
I10899 | 40000 BCE | Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain | View | |
I4055 | 200 CE | Granada. Plaza Einstein, Spain | View | |
I4246 | 2401 BCE | Madrid. San Fernando de Henares. Camino de las Yeseras, Spain | View | |
I3583 | 400 CE | Granada. Montefrío. El Castillón, Spain | View | |
I2469 | 971 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View | |
I7160 | 4042 BCE | Andalusia. Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View | |
I3584 | 400 CE | Granada. Ventas de Zafarraya, Spain | View | |
I7162 | 1881 BCE | Andalusia. Cádiz. Chiclana de la Frontera. Loma del Puerco, Spain | View | |
I3809 | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View | |
I7423 | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View | |
I7426 | 1500 CE | Andalusia. Granada. Mondújar (Lecrín). Nécropolis de Torna Alta, Spain | View | |
I7679 | 4300 BCE | Cádiz. San Fernando. Campo de Hockey, Spain | View | |
I10282 | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View | |
I7595 | 3518 BCE | Alicante. Alcoi. Llometes, Spain | View | |
I8155 | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View | |
I8157 | 2900 BCE | Andalusia. Córdoba. Lucena. Sima del Ángel, Spain | View | |
I8570 | 1300 BCE | Castellón. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain | View | |
I11304 | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View | |
I10899 | 40000 BCE | Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain | View | |
I10897 | 1040 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View | |
I10854 | 990 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View | |
I10851 | 887 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View | |
I10852 | 990 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View | |
I10853 | 993 CE | Catalonia. Girona. Sant Julià de Ramis, Spain | View | |
I12030 | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View | |
I12032 | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View | |
I12029 | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View | |
I12033 | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View | |
I12171 | 779 BCE | Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain | View | |
I12173 | 700 BCE | Andalusia. Sevilla. Alcalá del Río. La Angorrilla, Spain | View | |
I12164 | 500 CE | Girona. Pla de l'Horta, Spain | View | |
I12650 | 1100 CE | Valencia. Carrer Sagunto 49, Spain | View | |
I3320 | 300 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain | View | |
I3321 | 300 BCE | Valencian Community. Castelló/Castellón. Vilafamés. Els Estrets de la Rata, Spain | View | |
I7427 | 900 CE | Granada. Calle Panaderos 21-23, Spain | View | |
I3496 | 300 BCE | Catalonia. Barcelona.Cerdanyola. Turó de Ca n’Oliver, Spain | View | |
I2470 | 1412 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View | |
I6491 | 200 CE | Tarragona. Mas Gassol. Alcover, Spain | View | |
I10287 | 3400 BCE | Barcelona. Cova de la Guineu, Spain | View | |
I10899 | 40000 BCE | Andalusia. Piñar. Granada. Cueva de la Carigüela, Spain | View | |
I8571 | 1800 BCE | Castell. Cabanes. Túmulo Mortorum, Spain | View |
Sample ID | Culture/Period | Date | Location | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
I2472 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1533 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
I3493 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1422 BCE | Salamanca. Aldeaseca de la Frontera. Tordillos, Spain | View |
I12208 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1400 BCE | Castilla y León. Valladolid. San Román de Hornija. La Requejada, Spain | View |
I12209 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1400 BCE | Castilla y León. Valladolid. San Román de Hornija. La Requejada, Spain | View |
I2470 | Middle Bronze Age Spain | 1412 BCE | Basque Country. Araba/Álava. Laguardia. El Sotillo, Spain | View |
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I12208) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I12208) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample I12208 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
I12208,0.12154824,0.15167144,0.04076158,-0.00785858,0.05241444,-0.00615412,-0.00086072,0.00321844,0.02735416,0.04437022,-0.00668322,0.01294528,-0.02249032,-0.01214376,0.00364076,-0.00140256,-0.00291574,-0.0006295,-0.00017674,-0.00294586,0.00364242,0.00378478,-0.01095536,-0.00856698,0.00129002
The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years
We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE and, by ~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.