A man buried in Armenia in the Early Bronze Age era
The Early Bronze Age in Armenia, particularly associated with the Kura-Araxes culture, is a fascinating period marked by significant developments in social organization, technology, and cultural practices. This era, roughly dating from the late 4th to the early 2nd millennium BCE, plays a crucial role in understanding the broader context of Ancient Near Eastern civilizations. The Kura-Araxes culture, extending across a vast region including the southern Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, and the Levant, is noted for its distinctive pottery, architectural styles, and evidence of early urbanization.
Geographic and Temporal Context
The Kura-Araxes culture emerged around 3400 BCE, during a time when the ancient world was undergoing transformative changes, with various emerging cultures laying the foundations for civilization as we understand it today. This cultural horizon takes its name from the two major rivers of the region, the Kura and the Araxes (or Aras), which flow through Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. The geography of this area, characterized by mountainous terrain and fertile valleys, provided a diverse environment that supported a mixed economy based on agriculture, pastoralism, and trade.
Material Culture and Technology
One of the most distinctive features of the Kura-Araxes culture is its pottery. Known for its black and red burnished wares, these ceramics were often highly polished and decorated with incised geometric patterns. This pottery style is not only aesthetically unique but also functionally advanced, illustrating the cultural emphasis on craftsmanship and artistic expression.
In terms of technology, the Early Bronze Age saw the adoption of metalworking with the introduction of bronze tools and weapons, which gradually replaced stone implements. This metallurgical advancement facilitated improvements in agriculture, warfare, and craft production. The use of obsidian is also noteworthy, as Armenia is home to significant deposits of this volcanic glass, allowing for the creation of sharp-edged tools and the trade of raw materials with neighboring regions.
Settlement Patterns and Architecture
Settlement patterns during the Kura-Araxes period indicate a shift towards larger, more complex communities. Archaeological evidence suggests the presence of fortified settlements with well-planned layouts and communal buildings, hinting at an increase in social organization and possibly the emergence of hierarchical structures. Circular and rectangular houses, constructed primarily of mud-brick or stone with wooden supports, reflect a sophisticated understanding of architecture and serve as precursors to later urban developments.
Economy and Trade
The economy of the Kura-Araxes culture was diverse, integrating agriculture, animal husbandry, and long-distance trade. The region's inhabitants cultivated various crops, including wheat and barley, and engaged in animal domestication, with evidence of sheep, goats, and cattle. The strategic location of Armenia allowed it to become a crossroads for trade, facilitating the exchange of goods such as metals, obsidian, pottery, and textiles with neighboring cultures in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and beyond.
Social Organization and Burial Practices
The social structure of the Kura-Araxes culture is inferred from the architecture, settlement sizes, and burial practices. The presence of large communal buildings suggests some form of social or political organization, possibly with leaders or elites overseeing communal activities. Burial practices, which included both individual and collective interments, often with grave goods such as pottery and personal ornaments, provide insights into the beliefs and social hierarchies of the time.
Cultural and Regional Interactions
The Kura-Araxes culture did not exist in isolation but interacted extensively with contemporary cultures. These interactions are evident in shared technologies, artistic motifs, and burial customs. The culture's spread into regions such as Anatolia and the Levant highlights its influence and suggests a degree of migration or cultural diffusion, whereby the movement of ideas and people facilitated a blending of traditions.
Legacy and Impact
The Early Bronze Age in Armenia and the broader Kura-Araxes cultural sphere left a lasting legacy in terms of technological innovations, social structures, and cultural achievements. This period set the stage for subsequent developments in the region, including the rise of more complex societies and the integration of the Caucasus into the network of ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations. The Kura-Araxes culture, with its unique contributions to art, architecture, and technology, remains a critical area of study for understanding the dynamics of ancient cultural transformations.
In summary, the Early Bronze Age in Armenia, marked by the Kura-Araxes culture, represents a critical juncture in the history of the ancient Near East, characterized by distinctive cultural practices, technological progress, and dynamic interactions with surrounding regions.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ARM002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ARM002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample ARM002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
ARM002,0.10513484,0.11827504,-0.0520899,-0.04554448,-0.04095046,-0.0112878,0.00866404,-0.00536874,-0.05049592,-0.02177298,-0.00193628,0.00615792,-0.01286068,0.00536972,0.00437702,-0.01472926,0.00988468,-0.00492906,-0.00593576,0.01049962,0.00975202,0.00082324,0.00613592,-0.00748208,-0.00346186
Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions
Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian 'steppe ancestry' as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies in Eurasia. Here we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The northern Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting human movement across the mountain range during the Bronze Age. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry.