A man buried in Russia in the Bronze Age era

RISE662
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE662
Date:
2291 BCE - 1946 BCE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H6a
Y-DNA:
Q-Y18330
Cultural Period:
Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Okunev-Ulus (Republic of Khakassia, Ust-Abakansky District, Okunev Ulus)
Coordinates:
53.5478, 91.0257
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Okunevo Culture, dating to the Bronze Age, is a fascinating archaeological entity situated primarily in the Minusinsk Basin of southern Siberia, Russia, a part of the broader Eurasian Steppe region. This culture is generally dated from around the early 2nd millennium BCE, approximately 2300–1700 BCE. Its development represents a critical fusion of cultural elements, embodying both local traditions and influences from distant regions.

Geographical Context

The Okunevo Culture flourished in a region characterized by diverse geographical features, including steppe, forest-steppe, and mountain areas. This environment provided a rich variety of resources, fostering a mixed economy and diverse subsistence strategies. The Minusinsk Basin, where Okunevo settlements are predominantly found, offered fertile lands and was well-suited for agro-pastoralist activities.

Social and Economic Structure

The socio-economic structure of the Okunevo people was complex and multifaceted. They practiced a mixed economy comprising agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, and gathering. Evidence suggests that they cultivated crops like millet and barley and raised livestock, including cattle, sheep, and horses. Horse domestication, a notable aspect of the Eurasian Steppe cultures, played a significant role in transportation and possibly in communal rituals.

Material Culture and Artefacts

Okunevo material culture is marked by its distinctive pottery, stone tools, and metal objects. The pottery often features geometric patterns, with incised or impressed designs. The use of bronze, typical of the broader Bronze Age, is evident in their metalwork, which includes weapons, tools, and ornaments, indicating advances in metallurgy and trade networks stretched across vast distances.

Artistic Expression and Symbolism

The artistic accomplishments of the Okunevo Culture are perhaps best exemplified by rock art and petroglyphs found in the region. These carvings often depict anthropomorphic figures, animals, and complex symbolic motifs, reflecting a rich mythological tradition and a worldview deeply connected with nature and the surrounding landscape. These artworks provide insights into their spiritual beliefs and practices.

Burial Practices and Spirituality

The Okunevo people practiced a variety of burial rites, ranging from simple pit graves to more elaborate kurgans (burial mounds). The graves often contain grave goods, such as pottery, weapons, and ornaments, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife. Some burials are accompanied by stone stelae or sculptures, often featuring human-like faces or anthropomorphic figures, which are considered to have held spiritual or ritual significance.

Cultural Interactions and Influences

The Okunevo Culture did not exist in isolation; it was part of a network of interactions across the Eurasian Steppe. There is evidence of influence and exchanges with neighboring cultures, such as the Afanasievo and Andronovo cultures. These interactions facilitated the flow of goods, technologies, and ideas, contributing to the cultural dynamism of the region.

Legacy and Contribution to Prehistory

The Okunevo Culture is crucial for understanding the prehistoric developments of the Eurasian Steppe. It serves as a testament to the cultural diversity and complexity of the region during the Bronze Age. The culture’s rich material and spiritual legacy provides valuable insights into the life and cosmology of early steppe societies. The Okunevo Culture helps illuminate the patterns of human adaptation, innovation, and interaction over a wide and varied landscape in prehistoric Eurasia.

Related Samples
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
Altais1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Altais2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Bashkirs2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Bashkirs1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Bashkirs3 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Buryats1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Buryats2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Dungan1 Modern Kyrgyzstan 2000 CE , Kyrgyzstan View
Dungan2 Modern Kyrgyzstan 2000 CE , Kyrgyzstan View
Hazaras1 Modern Pakistan 2000 CE , Pakistan View
Hazaras2 Modern Pakistan 2000 CE , Pakistan View
Hazaras3 Modern Pakistan 2000 CE , Pakistan View
Kalmyks1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Kalmyks2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Karakalpaks1 Modern Uzbekistan 2000 CE , Uzbekistan View
Karakalpaks2 Modern Uzbekistan 2000 CE , Uzbekistan View
Karakalpaks3 Modern Uzbekistan 2000 CE , Uzbekistan View
Kazakhs2 Modern Kazakhstan 2000 CE , Kazakhstan View
Kazakhs3 Modern Kazakhstan 2000 CE , Kazakhstan View
Kazkahs1 Modern Kazakhstan 2000 CE , Kazakhstan View
Kyrgyz1 Modern Kyrgyzstan 2000 CE , Kyrgyzstan View
Kyrgyz2 Modern Kyrgyzstan 2000 CE , Kyrgyzstan View
Tajiks2 Modern Tajikistan 2000 CE , Tajikistan View
Tajiks1 Modern Tajikistan 2000 CE , Tajikistan View
Tajiks3 Modern Tajikistan 2000 CE , Tajikistan View
IrtyshBarabinskTatars1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
IrtyshBarabinskTatars2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
TomskTatars1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
TomskTatars2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
VolgaTatars1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
VolgaTatars2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Teleuts1 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Teleuts2 Modern Russia 2000 CE , Russia View
Turkmens1 Modern Turkmenistan 2000 CE , Turkmenistan View
Turkmens2 Modern Turkmenistan 2000 CE , Turkmenistan View
Uyghurs1 Modern China 2000 CE , China View
Uyghurs2 Modern China 2000 CE , China View
Uyghurs3 Modern China 2000 CE , China View
Uzbeks1 Modern Uzbekistan 2000 CE , Uzbekistan View
Uzbeks2 Modern Uzbekistan 2000 CE , Uzbekistan View
Uzbeks3 Modern Uzbekistan 2000 CE , Uzbekistan View
BOT14 Eneolithic Kazakhstan 3517 BCE Botai, Kazakhstan View
DA249 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5987 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
I3427 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2459 BCE Okunev Ulus, Russia View
DA246 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5884 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
RISE674 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2284 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
DA253 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5371 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA247 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5837 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
I8743 Hunter-Gatherer Sidelkino, Russia 9649 BCE Sidelkino, Russia View
DA252 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5473 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA248 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5762 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA245 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 6069 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
RISE683 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2138 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
DA342 Late Neolithic Ust-Ida, Russia 3793 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
RISE680 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE685 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
DA341 Eneolithic Lokomotiv, Russia 5714 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA337 Early Bronze Age Shamanka, Russia 2461 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA362 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5362 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
RISE672 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
DA345 Late Neolithic Ust-Ida, Russia 3637 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
RISE516 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2201 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
DA250 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5524 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA358 Early Bronze Age Kurma, Russia 2883 BCE Kurma XI, Russia View
RISE718 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2573 BCE Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5, Russia View
RISE670 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2191 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
DA359 Eneolithic Lokomotiv, Russia 5713 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA336 Early Bronze Age Shamanka, Russia 2500 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
RISE719 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5, Russia View
RISE515 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2343 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
DA251 Eneolithic Shamanka, Russia 5471 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
RISE684 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2463 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE675 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2857 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
DA340 Eneolithic Lokomotiv, Russia 5217 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA334 Early Bronze Age Shamanka, Russia 2284 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
RISE681 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
DA335 Early Bronze Age Shamanka, Russia 2500 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
I3426 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2291 BCE Okunev Ulus, Russia View
DA338 Early Bronze Age Shamanka, Russia 2500 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA357 Eneolithic Lokomotiv, Russia 5981 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA355 Late Neolithic Ust-Ida, Russia 3644 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
RISE671 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
DA339 Early Bronze Age Shamanka, Russia 2200 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA360 Early Bronze Age Kurma, Russia 2878 BCE Kurma XI, Russia View
RISE677 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2659 BCE Uybat III, Russia View
RISE667 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
DA344 Late Neolithic Ust-Ida, Russia 3945 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
DA354 Early Bronze Age Kurma, Russia 2856 BCE Kurma XI, Russia View
RISE673 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
BOT15 Eneolithic Kazakhstan 3345 BCE Botai, Kazakhstan View
EBA1 Early Middle Bronze Age Kazakhstan 2286 BCE Gregorievka 2, Kazakhstan View
EBA2 Early Middle Bronze Age Kazakhstan 2622 BCE Sjolpan 4, Kazakhstan View
Yamnaya Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Kazakhstan 3016 BCE Karagash, Kazakhstan View
MA2205 Assyrian Colony Period in Turkey 2000 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2206 Assyrian Colony Period in Turkey 2000 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2208 Assyrian Colony Period in Turkey 2000 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2213 Early Bronze Age II Turkey 2750 BCE Ovaören, Turkey View
MA2210 Early Bronze Age II Turkey 2750 BCE Ovaören, Turkey View
MA2212 Early Bronze Age II Turkey 2750 BCE Ovaören, Turkey View
MA2198 Hellenistic Turkey 335 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2197 Hellenistic Turkey 335 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2200 Old Hittite Period Turkey 1750 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2203 Old Hittite Period Turkey 1750 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2195 Ottoman Turkey 1400 CE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2196 Ottoman Turkey 1400 CE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
DA379 Chalcolithic Namazga, Turkmenistan 3482 BCE Kara-Depe, Turkmenistan View
DA383 Chalcolithic Namazga, Turkmenistan 3400 BCE Takhirbai 3, Turkmenistan View
DA381 Chalcolithic Namazga, Turkmenistan 3367 BCE Geoksyur, Turkmenistan View
DA380 Chalcolithic Namazga, Turkmenistan 3366 BCE Kara-Depe, Turkmenistan View
DA382 Iron Age Turkmenistan 916 BCE Takhirbai 3, Turkmenistan View
DA379 3482 BCE Kara-Depe, Turkmenistan View
DA380 3366 BCE Kara-Depe, Turkmenistan View
DA381 3367 BCE Geoksyur, Turkmenistan View
DA382 916 BCE Takhirbai 3, Turkmenistan View
DA383 3400 BCE Takhirbai 3, Turkmenistan View
MA2195 1400 CE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2196 1400 CE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2197 335 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2198 335 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2200 1750 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2203 1750 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2205 2000 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2206 2000 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2208 2000 BCE Kalehöyük, Turkey View
MA2210 2750 BCE Ovaören, Turkey View
MA2212 2750 BCE Ovaören, Turkey View
MA2213 2750 BCE Ovaören, Turkey View
I3426 2291 BCE Okunev Ulus, Russia View
I3427 2459 BCE Okunev Ulus, Russia View
I8743 9649 BCE Sidelkino, Russia View
Yamnaya 3016 BCE Karagash, Kazakhstan View
BOT14 3517 BCE Botai, Kazakhstan View
BOT15 3345 BCE Botai, Kazakhstan View
BOT2016 3516 BCE Botai, Kazakhstan View
DA245 6069 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA246 5884 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA247 5837 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA248 5762 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA249 5987 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA250 5524 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA251 5471 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA252 5473 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA253 5371 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA334 2284 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA335 2500 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA336 2500 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA337 2461 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA338 2500 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA339 2200 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
DA340 5217 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA341 5714 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA342 3793 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
DA344 3945 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
DA345 3637 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
DA354 2856 BCE Kurma XI, Russia View
DA355 3644 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
DA357 5981 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA358 2883 BCE Kurma XI, Russia View
DA359 5713 BCE Lokomotiv, Russia View
DA360 2878 BCE Kurma XI, Russia View
DA362 5362 BCE Shamanka II, Russia View
EBA1 2286 BCE Gregorievka 2, Kazakhstan View
EBA2 2622 BCE Sjolpan 4, Kazakhstan View
RISE515 2343 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE516 2201 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE667 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE670 2191 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE671 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE672 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE673 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE674 2284 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE675 2857 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE677 2659 BCE Uybat III, Russia View
RISE680 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE681 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE683 2138 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE684 2463 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE685 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE718 2573 BCE Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5, Russia View
RISE719 2900 BCE Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5, Russia View
RISE662 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2291 BCE Okunev-Ulus (Republic of Khakassia, Ust-Abakansky District, Okunev Ulus), Russia View
RISE664 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2459 BCE Okunev-Ulus (Republic of Khakassia, Ust-Abakansky District, Okunev Ulus), Russia View
Sidelkino Hunter-Gatherer Sidelkino, Russia 9649 BCE Sidelkino-Mayak (Samara Oblast, Chelno-Vershinskiy District, Sidel'kino), Russia View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I3427 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2459 BCE Okunev Ulus, Russia View
RISE674 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2284 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE683 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2138 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE680 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE685 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE672 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE516 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2201 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE718 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2573 BCE Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5, Russia View
RISE670 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2191 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE719 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Sayan Mountain. Minusinskaya Intermountain Basin. Syda 5, Russia View
RISE515 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2343 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE684 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2463 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE675 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2857 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
RISE681 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Khakassia. Ust'-Abakan. Uybat V, Russia View
I3426 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2291 BCE Okunev Ulus, Russia View
RISE671 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE677 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2659 BCE Uybat III, Russia View
RISE667 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE673 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2900 BCE Verkhni Askiz, Russia View
RISE662 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2291 BCE Okunev-Ulus (Republic of Khakassia, Ust-Abakansky District, Okunev Ulus), Russia View
RISE664 Bronze Age Okunevo Culture, Russia 2459 BCE Okunev-Ulus (Republic of Khakassia, Ust-Abakansky District, Okunev Ulus), Russia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE662) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 43%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 33%
European Hunter-Gatherers 13%
Ancient Native Americans 9%
Neolithic Farmers 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE662) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 54%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 29%
Pakistan 11.6%
Central Asian 10.8%
Indian 6.6%
Northern Asian 25%
Siberian 24.9%
Europe 32%
Eastern European 23%
Eastern European 22.9%
Northwestern European 9%
Finnish 9.1%
America 14%
America 14%
Native American 14.0%
Africa 0%
West African 0%
Congolese & Southern East African 0%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE662 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE662,0.08570756,-0.10483254,0.04865176,0.05006096,-0.06069678,-0.00259784,-0.03117166,-0.03624422,-0.01026124,-0.02050184,0.01484908,-0.00327994,0.00740236,-0.00753982,-0.00590886,-0.00294036,-0.00507782,0.00055814,-0.00272724,-0.00762176,0.00025646,-0.0016171,-0.00474574,-0.00085972,0.00018603
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia
Authors:
de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J
Abstract:

The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.

Link:
View Publication
Save 85% coupon: DNADAY85

Valid until April 25 2025