A woman buried in Russia in the Early Bronze Age era

DA358
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
DA358
Date:
2883 BCE - 2633 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
F1b
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Bronze Age Kurma, Russia
Location
Country:
Russia
Locality:
Kurma XI
Coordinates:
53.1792, 106.9628
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Early Bronze Age Kurma culture, associated with the broader spectrum of Proto-Indo-European communities, represents a significant archaeological and historical phase in the region that is now part of Russia. The Kurma culture is situated within the technological and social developments of the Early Bronze Age, approximately dated between 3000 and 2200 BCE. This period is characterized by profound changes in metallurgy, social structures, and cultural expressions, leading to the emergence of more complex societies.

Geographical Context

The Kurma culture flourished in the southern regions of Siberia, particularly along the Yenisei River basin. This area is characterized by its diverse landscapes, including river valleys, vast steppes, and mountainous terrains, providing varied resources and strategic advantages for settlement and development.

Social and Economic Structure

The Kurma culture, like many Early Bronze Age societies, was likely organized around small, kin-based groups that gradually expanded into larger tribal entities. These communities were semi-nomadic, engaging in both pastoralism and agriculture. Livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats played a critical role, not only in diet but also in trade and social status.

The transition from small bands to more organized tribal societies is reflected in their burial practices and settlements. Kurma burial sites reveal kurgans, or burial mounds, which indicate a society beginning to embrace hierarchical structures and rituals that express social stratification and possibly early forms of leadership.

Material Culture and Technology

A hallmark of the Early Bronze Age is the development and use of metal-working technology. The Kurma culture was among the early adopters of bronze, a significant technological advancement that facilitated better tools, weapons, and art. Artifacts such as bronze axes, daggers, and ornaments have been discovered, showcasing both utility and craftsmanship.

Pottery from the Kurma culture exhibits utilitarian designs made with simple techniques but is functionally efficient for storage, cooking, and ceremonial uses. Decorations tend to be minimal, emphasizing geometric patterns that could relate to cultural symbols or clan identifiers.

Linguistic and Cultural Connections

The Kurma culture is closely linked to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) linguistic and cultural traditions. It is part of the broader Indo-European language family tree, which is believed to have dispersed from the steppes into various parts of Europe and Asia. This connection is critical for understanding the diffusion of languages and cultural traits across large distances.

Cultural practices such as burial rites, religious rituals, and social customs likely reflect broader Proto-Indo-European traditions. These practices include the reverence for natural elements, ancestor worship, and possibly early pantheistic or animistic religions.

Interaction and Influence

The Kurma culture's geographical location in southern Siberia positioned it as a crossroads between Europe and Asia, facilitating interactions with neighboring cultures and contributing to the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. Such interactions may have included trade networks that extended across the steppe regions, as well as potential conflicts or alliances with other emerging Early Bronze Age cultures.

Legacy and Archaeological Significance

The archaeological record of the Kurma culture provides critical insights into the life and evolution of Early Bronze Age societies on the Eurasian steppes. This culture serves as a key puzzle piece in understanding the spread of Indo-European languages and their influence across Eurasia.

Overall, the Early Bronze Age Kurma culture encapsulates an era of transition and transformation during a pivotal phase in human history. Its contributions to metallurgy, social organization, and cultural development remain subjects of interest for archaeologists and historians studying the complex web of ancient human civilizations.

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DA358 Early Bronze Age Kurma, Russia 2883 BCE Kurma XI, Russia View
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Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA358) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 84%
Ancient Native Americans 7%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 5%
European Hunter-Gatherers 3%
Ancient Oceanians 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA358) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 90%
Northern Asian 68%
Siberian 58.6%
Mongolian 9.2%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 8%
Central Asian 7.8%
Japanese & Korean 7%
Japanese 7.4%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 7%
Tibetan 6.0%
Chinese 0.6%
America 9%
America 9%
Native American 8.9%
Oceania 2%
Melanesian 2%
Papuan 1.6%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample DA358 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

DA358,0.0570171,-0.3042073,0.09557874,0.01626412,-0.07468008,-0.0408233,-0.00011368,0.0038393,0.0084778,0.0006909,0.02528986,-0.0017296,0.00301118,-0.02167024,-0.01727876,-0.01520788,-0.00685696,0.00881666,0.01858734,0.0092304,0.01470842,-0.01826406,0.01089944,0.00680356,0.01073989
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia
Authors:
de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J
Abstract:

The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.

Link:
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